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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 

MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


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NEW  YORK  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 


A    DISCOURSE 


DELIVERED   BEFORE    THE 


New  York  Historical  Society, 


ON  ITS    SIXTY-SECOND  ANNIVERSARY, 


NOVEMBER    20,    1866. 


Rev.    SAMUEL  /  OSGOOD,    D.D. 


PUBLISHED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COMillTTEE. 


NEW    YORK: 
PRINTED    FOR    THE    SOCIETY. 

MDCCCLXVII. 


-\t^' 


^^^     ''  ^.j/  ,  ^,^:^^2^At^?^r: 


iv^£ir  yoifAT  /jv  rffff  nineteenth  century. 


A    DISCOUKSE 


DELITERED    BEFORE    THE 


New  York  Historical  Society, 


ON  ITS    8IXTT-8EC0ND  ANNIVERSARY, 


NOVEMBER    20,    1866. 


Rev.    SAMUEL    OSGOOD,    D.D. 

n 


PUBLISHED  BY  ORDER  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE. 


NEW    YORK: 
PRINTED    FOR    THE    SOCIETY. 

MDCCCLXVIl. 


Officers  of  the  Society,  1867. 


PRESIDENT, 

HAMILTON    FISH,    LL.  D. 

FIRST   VICE-PRESIDENT, 

THOMAS    DE    WITT,    D.  D. 

SECOND   VICE-PRESIDENT, 

BENJAMIN    ROBERT    WINTHROP. 

FOREIGN    CORRESPONDING   SECRETARY, 

GEORGE    BANCROFT,    LL.  D. 

DOMESTIC  CORRESPONDING   SECRETARY, 

JOHN    ROMEYN    BRODHEAD,    LL.  D. 

RECORDING   SECRETARY, 

ANDREW    WARNER. 

TREASURER, 

BENJAMIN    H.    FIELD. 

LIBRARIAN, 

GEORGE    HENRY    MOORE. 


iwi.^c:/|p« 


EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 


FIRST    CLASS — FOR   ONE  YEAR. 

AUGUSTUS  SCHELL,  ERASTUS  C  BENEDICT, 

BENJAMIN  W.  BONNEY. 

'  SECOND   CLASS— FOR  TWO   YEARS. 

SAMUEL  OSGOOD,  WILLIAM  CHAUNCEY, 

CHARLES  P.  KIRKLAND. 

THIRD   CLASS — FOR   THREE   YEARS. 

GEORGE  FOLSOM,  WILLIAM  T.  BLODGETT, 

JOHN  ADRIANCE. 

AUGUSTUS  SCHELL,  Chairman. 
GEORGE  MOORE,  Secretary. 

[The  officers  of  the  Society  are  members,  ex  officio^  of  the  Executive 
Committee.] 

COMMITTEE    ON    THE    FINE    ARTS. 


ABRAHAM  M.  COZZENS,  WILLIAM  J.  HOPPIN, 

JONATHAN  STURGES,  THOMAS  J.  BRYAN, 

ANDREW  WARNER,  EDWARD  SATTERLEE. 

ABRAHAM  M.  COZZENS,  Chairman. 
ANDREW  WARNER,  Secretary. 

[The  President,   Librarian,   and   Chairman   of   the   Executive    Com- 
mittee are  members,  ex  officio,  of  the  Committee  on  the  Fine  Arts.] 


DISCOURSE. 

Me.  President  and  Beethren  of  the  Historical 
•  Society,  and  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  our  hon- 
oeed  guests  to-night  : 

In  accepting  the  honor  of  your  invitation  to 
speak  at  this  Anniversary,  I  find  myself  at  once  re- 
lieved and  oppressed  by  the  subject  that  forces  itself 
upon  me — relieved  from  all  trouble  in  its  choice,  and 
oppressed  by  the  utter  impossibility  of  its  adequate 
treatment.  What  topic  can  compare  in  importance 
and  interest  to  this  great  city — our  native  or  adopted 
home ;  and  who  shall  presume  to  treat  it  adequately 
in  all  its  vastness,  variety,  and  constant  evolution  ? 
As  we  gaze,  the  wonder  grows  !  and  not  even  our 
daily  familiarity  with  its  streets  and  manners  and 
business  and  people  can  hide  from  us  the  truth  that 
it  is  one  of  the  striking  facts  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury— one  of  the  marvels  of  the  age,  if  not  one  of  the 
wonders  of  the  world. 

The  whole  subject,  of  course,  cannot  be  treated 
with  any  justness  or  fidelity  in  a  single  discourse ; 
and  to  attempt  to  do  it  would  be  like  trying  to  empty 
our  great  harbor  with  a  single  pump,  or  to  condense 
a  cyclopedia  into  an  hour's  reading.  It  will  not  be 
a  presuming  or  thankless  task  to  try  to  lay  before 
you  some  thoughts  and  studies  upon  "New  York 


6  NEW   YOEK 

in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  if  only  as  the  unambi- 
tious outline  of  a  chapter  of  Universal  History.  I 
must  be  content  with  two  points  of  view :  the  first, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  century  ;  the  second,  now. 

Not  a  little  motive  for  the  effort  is  given,  let 
me  say,  by  the  strange  and  broad  gulf  between  our 
present  population  and  the  old  New  Yorkers,  and 
the  almost  entire  absence  of  historical  landmarks 
from  our  city,  now  under  the  sweeping  tide  of  busi- 
ness and  enterprise.  Only  a  few  of  the  ancient 
buildings  remain,  and  almost  all  that  we  see  before 
us  is  new.  This  imperial  city,  with  its  palaces  and 
churches,  rises  before  most  of  its  people  like  Mel- 
chisedec,  king  of  Salem,  without  father,  without 
mother ;  and  they  must  confess  his  magnificence,  who 
cannot  tell  his  pedigree. 

The  nineteenth  century  may  be  defined  as  the  age 
of  liberty  organizing  itself,  or  as  the  period  whose 
distinctive  problem  it  is  to  construct  or  reconstruct 
society  on  the  basis  of  freedom.  The  previous  cen- 
turies have  been  the  providential  preparation  for  this 
task.  It  is  probably  safe  to  say,  that  the  modem 
time,  as  a  whole,  since  the  invention  of  printing, 
the  discovery  of  America,  the  inductive  study  of 
Nature,  and  the  Protestant  Eeformation,  has  been 
most  marked  by  the  spirit  of  liberty ;  and  its  history 
is  the  record  of  the  evolution  of  freedom,  as  the 
thousand  years  before,  since  Constantine  gave  the 
Cross  the  support  of  his  sceptre,  and  made  Chris- 
tianity the  law  of  the  empire,  was  the  age  of  au- 
thority, and  its  history  is  the  record  of  obedience. 
Perhaps  the  four  modern  centuries  may  be  desig- 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.  7 

nated  thus,  according  to  their  part  in  the  histor}^ 
of  liberty :  The  sixteenth  century  was  marked  by 
the  rise  of  religious  liberty  in  protest  against  the 
Koman  hierarchy,  in  connection  with  the  revival  of 
letters,  and  the  awakening  of  industrial  and  com- 
mercial enterprise.  The  seventeenth  century  gene- 
rally breathed  a  calmer  spirit,  and  strove  to  settle 
the  Protestant  Church  and  State  upon  the  new  basis 
of  Biblical  doctrine  or  Reformed  discipline.  The 
eighteenth  century,  in  great  part,  bolted  from  all 
Biblical  doctrine  and  church  discipline,  and  pro- 
claimed radical  or  social  and  philosophical  liberty 
in  the  face  of  priest  and  king,  and  was  the  jubilee 
of  social  and  philosophical  illuminism.  The  nine- 
teenth century,  the  favored,  and  yet  perplexed  heir 
of  such  ancestors,  has  been  trying  to  settle  its 
great  estate,  and  constinict  society  and  government 
upon  the  basis  of  the  new  liberty  gained,  and  with 
all  the  lights  of  knowledge,  experience,  and  faith.  It 
has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  this  city  to  have  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  this  great  work  of  reconstruction,  and 
the  end  is  not  yet.  She  has  had  the  burden  of  the 
age  upon  her  shoulders,  and  also  her  full  share  of 
the  lessons  and  examples  of  the  previous  modern 
centuries  to  help  her  out.  New  York,  in  the  begin- 
ning, was  richly  endowed  in  being  the  daughter  and 
heir  of  one  of  the  noblest  nations  of  Europe ;  and 
when  Henry  Hudson  first  parted  the  waters  of  our 
noble  bay  and  river,  his  signal,  the  Crescent  or  Half 
Moon,  well  and  justly  symbolized  the  predestined 
civilization  of  this  New  World.  He  opened  here  the 
pages  of  that  history  of  liberty,  that  is  not  yet  finished ; 


8  NEW   YOEK 

and  under  tliat  star  of  empire  tliat  shone  above  Ms 
ship,  it  did  not  need  any  marvellous  divination  to 
see  the  forms  of  the  ruling  spirits  of  the  modern 
ages  in  his  company.  There  were  Columbus  and 
Gutenberg  and  Luther  and  Bacon,  with  the  com- 
pass and  printing-press  and  open  Bible  and  new 
organon  of  science  signalling  to  him  the  new  country 
and  the  new  age  coming,  and  his  name  marks  still 
the  river  whose  beauty  and  wealth  and  promise  ask 
no  borrowed  honors  from  the  fame  of  the  Rhine 
or  Danube,  the  Tiber  or  the  Thames. 

The  Dutch  who  founded  New  Amsterdam  on 
this  island  of  Manhattan,  not  only  brought  their 
own  individual  characters  and  personal  property 
hither,  but  also  their  national  life  with  its  historical 
traditions,  institutions,  and  powers.  They  brought 
with  them  much  of  the  old  feudal  age  in  their  muni- 
cipal laws  and  social  traditions,  that  were  in  many 
respects  so  conservative,  and  all  the  fire  of  the  New 
Reform  in  their  thorough-going  Calvinism,  with  its 
doctrines  of  justification  by  faith  and  direct  election 
from  God  in  the  face  of  what  they  regarded  as 
the  Romish  doctrine  of  salvation  by  merit  and  sub- 
jection to  priests.  Having  passed  through  the  ter- 
rible war  for  national  life,  they  felt,  at  the  time  of 
the  colonizing  of  New  Amsterdam,  the  desire  for 
stability  so  characteristic  of  the  stormy  century  after 
the  Reformation,  the  17th,  and  they  had  all  the 
conservatism  of  the  old  Catholicism  on  the  new 
base  of  their  reformed  creed  and  discipline.  They 
came  here,  indeed,  for  trade,  yet  their  religion  was 
none  the  less  marked,  because  it  did  not  send  them 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.  \) 

"hitlier,  but  simply  came  witli  tliem  because  tbey 
came,  and  lived  with  tliem  as  part  of  themselves. 
They  were  hospitable  and  tolerant ;  yet  they  never 
set  forth  any  ideal  standard  of  toleration,  such  as 
is  the  distinctive  trait  of  Rhode  Island.  They  did 
not  affirm  intellectual  tolerance  or  intolerance  here ; 
but  like  practical  merchants  and  kindly  neighbors, 
they  were  disposed  to  welcome  all  settlers  who 
would  not  interfere  with  their  business,  without 
troubling  themselves  much  with  their  opinions. 
Their  faith  had  nothing  of  the  subjective  turn  of  the 
New  England  Puritans,  who  were  always  looking 
into  their  own  minds,  and  willing  to  do  the  same 
thing  for  their  neighbors.  The  Dutch  were  not  an 
introversial,  but  an  objectiv^e,  practical  people,  never 
or  rarely  moved  to  intolerance  unless  pushed  by  the 
fear  of  having  their  liberties  or  institutions  inter- 
fered with ;  and  it  was  probably  from  apprehended 
danger  to  the  national  life,  rather  than  for  mere 
opinion's  sake,  that  the  great  acts  of  intolerance  were 
perpetrated  in  Holland,  such  as  the  execution  of 
Barneveldt  and  the  exile  of  Grotius,  and  the  perse- 
cution of  the  Baptists.  The  Dutch  of  New  Amster- 
dam, though  not  wholly  free  from  the  charge  of  intol- 
erance, were  in  advance  of  their  mother  country  in 
charity,  and  in  advance  of  their  Puritan  neighbors; 
and  their  temper  and  legislation  here  gave  their 
colony  a  good  place  in  the  record  of  American 
liberty. 

Their  conservative  temper  had  something  in  com- 
mon with  the  spirit  which  the  English  rule  brought 
with  it  in  1664 ;  for  then  England,  after  Cromwell 


10  NEW   YOEK 

and  the  commonwealtli,  sought  spiritual  peace  under 
the  restored  Stuarts,  and  afterwards,  in  1688,  she 
sought  not  to  destroy,  but  to  deepen  that  peace 
under  the  tolerant  sceptre  of  William  of  Orange, 
who  tried  to  bring  Puritans  as  well  as  churchmen  to 
truce,  and  who  carried  with  him  much  of  the  mod- 
erate yet  determined  Dutch  temper  to  the  throne. 
The  city,  of  course,  was  to  be  largely  shaped  by  the 
English  power;  for  in  1664  its  future  was  not 
wholly  with  the  existing  population  of  fifteen  hun- 
dred souls. 

How  far  New  York  shared  in  the  storm  of  radi- 
cal opinion  and  passion  that  marked  the  eighteenth 
century,  it  is  not  easy  to  say.  Theologically  there 
was  little  latitudinarianism  in  the  churches  here, 
although  there  is  ample  proof  that  alike  among  lead- 
ing men  and  the  restless  populace,  there  was  a  great 
deal  of  acquaintance  and  sympathy  with  the  illu- 
minism  of  France  and  Germany,  though  far  more 
acceptance  of  its  free  spirit  than  of  its  destructive 
notions.  Zenger,  forty  years  before  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  led  on  the  Sons  of  Liberty  in 
much  of  the  temper  of  the  destroyers  of  the  Bastile, 
and  Freneau  had  much  of  the  French  revolutionist 
in  his  pen,  whilst  such  stormy  radicals  as  Paine, 
Elihu  Palmer,  and  John  Foster,  denounced  the  Bible 
and  the  Church  in  the  spirit  of  Helvetius,  Volney, 
Voltaire,  and  D'Holbach.  Of  these  latter  agitators, 
Paine  and  Palmer,  and  I  think  Foster  also,  were  not 
natives,  nor  in  any  historical  sense  representatives 
of  the  old  New  York  mind.  The  Revolution  itself 
is  proof  of  the  power  of  radical,  political  ideas  of 


IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.  11 

the  better  class,  and  the  very  slowness  of  the  leaders 
to  join  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence  shows 
that  the  English  Toryism  that  held  the  high  places 
here  during  the  British  rule,  was  more  than  matched 
by  the  liberalism  of  the  people  and  their  favorite 
champions.  The  delay  in  adopting  the  federal  Con- 
stitution— a  delay  that  prevented  New  York  from 
casting  her  first  electoral  vote  for  Washington,  and 
from  being  represented  in  the  first  American  Senate — 
was  not  from  Tory  leanings  towards  the  old  colonial 
times,  but  from  jealousy  of  centralized  power,  and 
it  called  for  all  the  sagacity  and  eloquence  and  per- 
sonal influence  of  Hamilton,  Jay,  Madison,  and  the 
great  Federalist  leaders,  to  overcome  the  strong  State 
feeling,  and  bring  New  York  into  that  constitutional 
Union  which  she  has  never  ceased  to  defend.  It 
is  interesting  to  read  the  names  of  the  delegates 
from  this  city  to  the  convention  at  Poughkeepsie  in 
1788,  that  met  to  act  upon  the  National  Constitu- 
tion. New  York,  West  Chester,  Kings  and  Rich- 
mond Counties,  chose  federalists ;  the  Counties  of 
Albany,  Montgomery,  Washington,  Columbia,  Dutch 
ess,  Ulster,  and  Orange,  chose  anti-federalists,  whilst 
the  delegates  from  Suffolk  and  Queens  Counties 
were  divided.  ,  The  New  York  delegates  were  John 
Jay,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Chancellor  Livingston, 
Richard  Morris,  then  Chief  Justice,  and  James  Duane, 
Mayor  of  the  city.  Surely,  we  have  not  greatly  im- 
proved on  the  year  1788,  in  the  delegations  of  this 
year  1866.  That  delegation  gave  this  city  a  great 
name  in  the  history  of  liberty ;  for  it  undoubtedly 
overcame  the  majority  of  the  delegates  to  the  Con- 


12  NEW   YOEK 

vention  wlio  were  opposed  to  tlie  Constitution,  and 
it  brouglit  New  York  into  the  Constitutional  Union. 
But  we  must  not  linger  longer  upon  this  prelimi- 
nary view  of  the  relation  of  this  city  to  the  three 
previous  modern  centuries.  We  take  our  stand  now 
at  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the  year 
1801 — a  most  memorable  year  alike  in  Europe  and 
America,  and  memorable  too  in  its  bearing  on  the 
organization  of  liberty.  In  France,  liberty,  after  hav- 
ing battled  down  the  Bastile  and  Throne  and  nobles, 
had  turned  organizer,  and  taught  conservatism  in 
the  person  of  the  First  Consul,  who  was  now  proud 
to  join  the  name  of  pacificator  to  that  of  conqueror, 
and  boasted '  of  bringing  tranquillity  to  Europe  by 
the  peace  of  Luneville  in  1801.  Here  in  America, 
Democracy,  or,  as  it  was  then  called,  Republicanism, 
took  something  of  the  same  position,  and,  after  over- 
throwing Federalism,  it  lifted  its  idol,  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, to  the  pedestal  of  national  union  under  the  Con- 
stitution which  it  had  so  vehemently  assailed.  Be- 
fore, New  York  had  been  generally  a  federalist  city, 
although  all  the  power  and  influence  of  its  great 
men  were  needed  to  keep  it  so.  But  in  April,  1800, 
Aaron  Burr  and  his  republican  allies  put  forth  all 
their  adroitness  to  carry  the  city  for  the  democratic 
party,  and  nominated  a  ticket  of  memorable  compass 
and  attraction.  Governor  George  Clinton,  the  most 
popular  New  Yorker  of  the  day,  the  great  States 
Rights  man  of  that  time,  and  the  idol  of  the  demo- 
crats, headed  the  ticket,  and  held  out  the  banner 
of  his  party.  Brockholst  Livingston  represented  the 
wealth  of  his  powerful  family,  and  gave  it  the  force 


IN   THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.         13 

of  his  personal  talent.  General  Horatio  Gates  gave 
his  name  to  kindle  anew  the  old  revolutionary  pas- 
sion. Samuel  Osgood,  a  good  type  of  a  transplanted 
Massachusetts  man,  stood  for  the  Cabinet  of  Wash- 
ington, whose  honored  associate  he  had  been,  and 
was  rewarded  by  being  chosen  Speaker  of  the  Legis- 
lature, which,  in  November,  1800,  virtually  gave  the 
electoral  vote  to  Thomas  Jefferson.  So  Federalism 
was  defeated,  yet  not  destroyed.  Its  characteristic 
idea  lived  and  was  vindicated  by  its  nominal  foes. 
Probably  no  men  in  America  have  done  so  much  to 
carry  out  the  cardinal  principle  of  the  American 
Union  in  the  face  of  pressing  dangers  as  the  great 
democratic  leaders,  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Andrew 
Jackson.  Whatever  they  have  meant  to  do,  is  less 
obvious  than  what  God  meant  to  do  by  them — the 
God  of  our  liberty  and  our  Union,  who  has  deter- 
mined that  the  wrath  of  man  should  praise  Him*, 
and  that  the  popular  passion  for  freedom  shall 
secure  the  life  and  law  of  the  nation.  The  old 
Federalists  deserved  honor,  for  they  spoke  out  the 
calm  wisdom  of  time,  and  were  the  historical  states- 
men of  their  day.  So  too  they  deserved  rebuke, 
for  they  did  not  see,  nor  fully  appreciate,  the  mind 
of  the  new  age,,  and  their  distrust  of  the  people  with 
their  own  personal  feuds  had  much  to  do  with 
their  downfall.  We  in  our  day  have  built  their 
grandest  monument  in  cementing  their  Union ;  yet 
we  have  a  more  cheerful  philosophy  than  theirs, 
and  see  more  of  God  in  the  people,  "  the  plain  peo- 
ple," than  they  saw.  We  can  join  the  names  of  the 
old  Democrats,  Chancellor   Livingston  and   George 


14  NEW   YOEK 

Clinton,  to  those  of  their  great  federal  antagonists, 
Hamilton  and  Jay,  in  our  record  of  the  architects 
of  liberty  in  New  York  city. 

It  is  amusing  to  look  over  the  newspapers  at 
the  opening  of  the  century,  observe  the  items  of 
news,  and  note  the  doleful  tone  of  the  leading  con- 
servatives as  to  the  dark  prospects  of  the  age.  The 
Commercial  Advertiser^  one  of  the  seven  daily  papers 
issued  here  in  1801,  and  the  only  one,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Evening  Post,  that  has  survived, 
begins  the  new  year  with  the  first  of  a  series  of 
articles  by  that  noted  and  excellent  man,  Lindley 
Murray,  on  the  nineteenth  century,  which  are  writ- 
ten in  a  spirit  of  croaking  run  mad,  in  a  panic  at 
the  very  name  of  liberty,  especially  the  liberty  of 
the  press,  and  far  more  in  the  temper  of  the  Pope's 
Encyclical  Letter  than  of  our  modern  thought ;  in 
fact,  so  gloomy  and  reactionary,  that  they  would 
be  laughed  at  now  by  moderate  conservatives,  in 
the  old  world  and  the  new.  There  had  been  a  green 
Christmas,  and  it  was  then  a  mild  Winter ;  but  to 
many  like  Murray,  the  political  sky  was  dark  and 
cold. 

The  leading  editorial  in  the  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser of  New  Year's  Day,  1801,  begins  thus : 

At  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  near  the  close  of  the 
third  Presidency  in  the  American  Administration,  events  have  taken 
place  that  have  excited  no  small  surprise  among  men  who  are  consid- 
ered as  possessing  great  political  discernment.  Men  wonder  and 
speculate  I  They  are  surprised  at  the  issue  of  the  elections,  and  look 
about  them  for  the  causes  that  have  defeated  their  calculations. 


TN  THE  lONETEENTH  CENTUEY.         15 

The  article  thus  continues  towards  the  close : 

We  have  no  grounds  to  felicitate  ourselves  on  advancing  a  single 
step  in  the  theory  or  practice  of  government  within  two  thousand 
years.  The  opinion  that  we  have  advanced^  is  derived  from  our  pride, 
founded  on  our  ignorance — an  opinion  that  is  a  burlesk  on  our  educa- 
tion, our  pretended  science,  and  our  vanity. 

In  the  Commercial  Advertiser  of  January  18, 
1801,  we  have  this  notice  from  President  Adams, 
which  is  proof  that  he  did  not  mean  to  see  Thomas 
Jefferson  inaugurated,  and  that  our  Presidents  have 
mended  the  manners,  if  they  have  not  outgrown  the 
irritability,  of  the  old  times  : 

The  President  of  the  United  States  requests  the  several  printers 
who  have  sent  him  their  newspapers,  to  send  in  their  accounts  and 
receive  their  payments.  He  also  requests  that  they  would  send  him 
no  more  after  the  3d  of  March  next. 

WASHiNaTON,  Jarvuary  18, 1801. 

A  newspaper  brings  the  past  very  near  to  us,  and 
as  we  handle  this  old  copy  of  the  Advertiser^  it  re- 
calls sixty-six  years  ago,  and  the  New  Year's  Day 
when  it  was  issued,  and  the  New  York  of  that  day.  It 
was  then,  as  Irving  said,  a  "  handy  city,"  where  every- 
body knew  everybody,  and  good  neighborhood  had 
not  become  a  mere  tradition.  The  city  had  about 
60,000  inhabitants,  10,000  less  than  Philadelphia 
had,  and  was  a  little  larger  than  the  city  of  Provi- 
dence now  is,  and  considerably  smaller  than  Newark 
is.  Population  had  pushed  up  as  far  as  Anthony 
Street,  now  Worth  Street,  a  little  above  the  present 
City  Hospital,  and  a  line  of  farm-houses  seemed  on 
their  way  to  Stuyvesant's  Bowery,  our  present  place 


16  NEW  YOBK 

of  meeting,  and  that  St.  Mark's  Churcli,  our  near 
neighbor  now,  whidi  had  been  lately  erected  with- 
out its  present  steeple.  There  was,  of  course,  no  gas- 
light, and  but  little  coal,  and  not  any  of  our  Croton 
water.  Great  was  the  fame  of  the  Tea  Water  Pump 
in  Chatham  Street,  and  bad  was  the  name  of  the 
new  reservoir  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  between 
Pearl  and  White  Streets,  on  the  two-acre  lot  bought 
of  the  Van  Cortlandts  for  1,200  pounds ;  and  great 
was  the  hope  of  the  New  Manhattan  Water  Works 
in  Chambers  Street  near  Centre — a  hope  quite  vain. 
The  city  was  healthy,  as  it  always  is  to  all  who 
take  care  of  themselves,  and  its  death-rate  was 
about  half  that  of  last  year,  which  was  thirty-five 
in  one  thousand. 

Taxes  were  light,  about  one  half  of  one  per  cent., 
and  in  1796  the  whole  tax  raised  was  7,968  pounds, 
and  the  whole  valuation  of  property  was  1,261,585 
pounds — estimates  that  were  probably  about  half 
the  real  value,  so  that  the  tax  was  only  about  one 
fourth  of  one  per  cent.  A  man  worth  $50,000  was 
thought  rich,  and  some  fortunes  reached  $250,000. 
Mechanics  had  a  dollar  a  day  for  wages,  and  a  gen- 
teel house  rented  for  $350  a  year,  and  $750  addi- 
tional would  meet  the  ordinary  expenses  of  living 
for  a  genteel  family — such  as  now  spends  from  $6,000 
to  $10,000,  we  have  good  reason  to  believe,  from 
such  authority  as  Mr.  D.  T.  Valentine,  Clerk  of  the 
Common  Council.  A  good  house  could  be  bought 
for  $3,000  or  $4,000,  and  flour  was  four  and  ^ve 
dollars  a  barrel,  and  beef  ten  cents  a  pound. 

There  were  great  entertainments,  and  men  ate 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 


and  drank  freely — more  freely,  apparently,  than  now 
— but  nothing  of  present  luxury  prevailed  in  the  high 
classes ;  and  how  rare  the  indulgence  was,  is  proved 
by  the  common  saying,  "  that  the  Livingstons  give 
champagne,"  which  marked  their  case  as  exceptional. 
Now,  surely,  a  great  many  families  in  New  York 
besides  the  Livingstons  give  champagne,  and  not 
always  wisely  for  their  own  economy  or  their  guests' 
sobriety. 

These  homely  items  give  a  familiar  idea  of  old 
New  York  in  1801.  We  must  remember  that  it^ 
was  then  a  provincial  city,  and  had  nothing  of  its 
present  back-country  connection  with  the  West, 
being  the  virtual  capital  of  the  Hudson  River  Val- 
ley rather  than  of  the  great  Empire  State.  Buffalo, 
Syracuse,  Utica,  and  the  noted  cities  of  Western 
New  York,  were  but  names  then,  and  Albany  was 
of  so  little  business  note,  that  the  main  communica- 
tion with  it  was  by  dilatory  sloops,  such  as  Irving 
describes  after  his  slow  voyage  in  the  craft  that  he 
long  waited  for,  and  which  gave  him  ample  time  to 
study  the  picturesque  on  the  Hudson,  with  such 
food  for  his  humor  as  the  Captain's  talk  in  Dutch 
to  his  crew  of  negro  slaves.  What  a  contrast  with 
a  trip  now  in  the  St.  John  or  the  Dean  Richmond — 
marine  palaces  that  float  you  as  in  a  dream  by 
night  through  the  charmed  passes  of  the  Hudson,  to 
Albany !  Irving's  name  does  much  to  bring  before 
us  the  living  picture  of  New  York  in  1801,  and  we 
can  fancy  somewhat  what  the  city  then  was,  by  look- 
ing in  upon  him — then  a  youth  of  seventeen,  at  128 
William  Street — and  going  the  rounds  of  society  and 

2 


18  NEW   YORK 

sight-seeing  on  tliat  New  Year's  Day.  A  few  hours 
with  him  in  his  love  of  fnn,  and  a  few  more  with 
young  Gulian  C.  Verplanck — who  was  then  in  the 
senior  class  at  Columbia  College  and  a  little  wild, 
according  to  the  squibs  of  some  of  his  political  ene- 
mies, and  whose  social  tastes  were,  of  course,  more 
mature,  and  in  the  line  of  all  charming  company — 
would  tell  more  of  those  scenes  and  times  than  vol- 
umes of  antiquarian  research.  We  cannot  paint  the 
picture,  nor  try  to  describe  the  large  diversity  of 
nationalities,  tastes,  and  characters,  that  even  then 
made  this  city  so  universal  in  its  affinities,  and  gave 
promise  of  its  future  comprehensiveness.  Our  task 
is  rather  in  the  sphere  of  general  history,  than  of 
local  and  personal  narrative;  and  perhaps  enough 
has  been  said  by  Dr.  Francis  of  the  special  features 
of  old  New  York.  Kindly  thought  of  him  here  to- 
night ;  for,  surely,  if  spirits  ever  walk  the  earth,  the 
stout  old  Doctor's  ghost  is  with  us  now,  in  this  his 
loved  and  familiar  haunt. 

The  historian  seeks  for  universal  laws,  and  is 
bound  to  search  out  the  ideas  and  characteristics 
that  connect  a  community  with  the  nation  and 
the  race.  It  is  not  easy  to  say  exactly  wherein  old 
New  York  represented  the  spirit  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  In  some  respects  it  seemed  to  ignore  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  surely,  it  was  not  conspicu- 
ous for  science,  art,  philosophy,  or  poetry.  Philadel- 
phia and  Boston,  probably  even  Charleston,  S.  C, 
were  in  advance  of  it  in  literary  spirit ;  and  when 
Dr.  Samuel  Miller  gave,  on  New  Year's  Day,  1801, 
in  his  Wall  Street  pulpit,  his  memorable  retrospect 


EST  THE    NIlSrETEENTH   CENTURY. 


1^ 


of  the  eighteenth  century — which  he  afterwards  ex- 
panded into  two  volumes,  published  in  1803 — he 
was  far  more  complimentary  to  his  remote  than  to 
his  near  neighbors  in  his  portraiture  of  American 
science  and  literature.  The  title-page  that  styles 
him  corresponding  member  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Massachusetts,  proves  what  he  regarded  as  the 
representative  of  American  history  then,  and  is  a 
sign  that  this  Society  of  ours  was  needed  and  was 
to  come  the  year  after.  His  account  of  ISTew  York, 
in  his  chapter  on  "  Nations  Lately  Become  Literary," 
is  very  brief,  and  deals  mainly  with  the  founding 
of  Columbia  College,  the  Society  Library,  and  the 
Medical  School ;  and  he  has  no  higher  name  to 
record  in  science  than  that  of  Dr.  Mit chill  among 
the  New  Yorkers,  who  could  claim  such  peerless 
statesmen  and  political  writers.  Dr.  Miller,  in  speak- 
ing of  the  want  of  literary  culture  in  America,  men- 
tions the  causes,  and  naming  among  them  defective 
collegiate  instruction,  want  of  books,  want  of  leisure, 
and  want  of  encouragement  to  learning,  he  per- 
haps tells  the  main  reason  when  he  says,  "  Besides, 
the  spirit  of  our  people  is  commercial.  It  has  been 
said,  and  perhaps  with  some  justice,  that  the  love 
of  gain  peculiarly  characterizes  the  inhabitants  of 
the  United  States."  This  remark  applied  peculiarly 
to  New  York,  which  had  been,  from  the  first,  espe- 
cially a  business  city,  and  it  has  always  been  so.  It 
is  precisely  in  this  direction  that  we  are  to  look  for 
its  higher  developments,  and  its  rightful  place  in 
universal  history,  rather  than  to  pure  science  or  ideal 
philosophy  or  letters.     It  is  business  that  has  given 


20  NEW   YOEK 

this  city  its  empire,  and  brought  the  imperial  arts 
and  sciences  in  its  train. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  soon  after  the 
Revolution,  men  of  thought  in  New  York  saw  the 
rising  destiny  of  their  City  and  State,  and  one  reason 
of  their  reluctance  to  come  into  the  constitutional 
union,  was  the  fear  of  making  over  too  much  of 
their  local  power  to  the  central  Government ;  espe- 
cially their  great  share  of  revenue  from  imports,  and 
their  commanding  position  between  New  England 
and  the  South  and  West.  Very  early  the  interest 
of  the  Colonies  seemed  to  centralize  here,  and  the 
Colonial  Congress  of  1Y65,  and  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress of  1776,  and  the  inauguration  of  Washington  in 
1789,  were  all  hints  of  the  empire  that  was  to  be. 

A  gentleman  who  was  here  in  1787,  when  the 
whole  State  had  a  smaller  population  than  North 
Carolina,  wrote  to  his  friends  that  the  city  was 
ruined  by  the  war;  but  its  future  greatness  was 
unquestionable.  Truth  must  be  told,  even  if  it 
mortifies  our  ambition  ;  and  the  development  of  the 
power  of  the  State  and  City  was  not  to  be  under 
the  leadership  of  the  great  masters  of  its  legislation. 
Hamilton  fell  sadly  by  an  impious  hand,  and  Jay 
retired  from  public  life,  and  Gouverneur  Morris  too 
_soon  followed  him.  The  masters  of  the  future  were 
r  men  of  business,  and  probably  to  Robert  Fulton  and 
De  Witt  Clinton,  with  their  industrial  friends  and 
helpers,  New  York  owes  her  imperial  position  in  the 
nation  and  the  world,  more  than  to  men  of  science 
or  letters,  scholars  or  statesmen.  Even  her  great 
statesmen  had  much  of  business  point  and  sagacity 


m  THE   NINETEENTH   CENTUEY.  21 

in  their  composition ;  and,  surely,  Hamilton  was  as 
mucli  of  a  financier  and  soldier  as  a  jurist,  and  per- 
haps was  compelled  to  yield  to  the  Virginia  plan 
of  the  Constitution,  because  it  came  from  Madison's 
more  American  mind,  and  embodied  more  of  the 
instincts  and  traditions  of  the  nation,  than  his  more 
military  and  perhaps  more  European  scheme  of  con- 
solidation. Chancellor  Livingston  claims  as  much 
honor  by  his  encouragement  to  Fulton  as  by  his 
law  and  statesmanship,  and  deserves  with  him  a 
high  name  among  the  organizers  of  liberty.  Who 
shall  say  what  steam  navigation  has  done  to  eman- 
cipate mankind  from  diTidgery,  and  construct  society 
upon  the  basis  of  liberty  ?  It  is  science  turned  liber- 
ator ;  and  the  saucy  philosophy  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury became  the  mighty  and  merciful  helper  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  To  us,  individually  and  gener- 
ally, how  marvellous  has  been  the  gift !  Wherever 
that  piston-rod  rises  and  falls,  and  those  paddles 
turn,  man  has  a  giant  for  his  porter  and  defender, 
and  the  liberty  of  the  nation  has  been  organized 
under  its  protection;  and  the  great  States  of  the 
Mississippi  valley  and  the  Pacific  coast  are  brought 
within  one  loyal  affinity,  and  build  their  new  liber- 
ties upon  the  good  old  pattern  of  our  fathers.  Clinton 
and  Fulton,  the  one  identified  with  the  rise  of  steam 
navigation,  the  other  with  the  Erie  Canal,  are  names 
that  belong  to  universal  history,  as  having  given 
Ameiica  its  business  unity,  and  brought  its  united 
wealth  to  bear  upon  the  industry  and  commerce  of 
the  world. 

We  are  somewhat  surprised,  in  studying  the  old 


22  NEW   YORK 

New  York  mind,  at  seeing  so  little  trace  of  specula- 
tive thinking,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  say  to  wliat 
school  of  philosophy  its  intellectual  leaders  belonged. 
Here  we  must  make  an  im^portant  distinction,  and 
see  the  cause  of  the  absence  of  the  speculative,  sub- 
jective habit  of  mind  so  common  in  New  England. 
New  York  was  more  dynamic  than  ideal,  or  more 
busy  with  active  forces  than  theoretic  principles. 
New  York  itself  was  a  historic  force,  and  not  a  theo- 
logical or  philosophical  school.  It  was  a  community 
that  kept  most  of  its  historical  continuity  through 
three  revolutions,  and  had  no  decided  break  in  its 
evolution.  Its  people  were  never  come-outers  or 
radicals  of  the  extreme  type ;  but  carried  the  old 
national  life  forward  with  them  into  new  conditions. 
The  Dutch  colonists  were  Dutchmen  still,  and  in  the 
old  church  and  nation ;  the  English  were  English 
still,  with  all  the  old  loyalty  to  church  and  state ; 
and  when  the  Dutch-English  community  crowned 
the  old  protest  against  Kome  by  the  new  protest 
against  British  despotism,  they  carried  with  them 
much  of  their  old  institutional  habit.  They  did  not 
go  out  and  build  anew  under  the  open  heavens  from 
radical  ideas ;  but  kept  as  far  as  they  could  within 
the  old  walls.  Their  spirit  was  free,  but  their 
method  was  cautious  and  conservative,  and  they 
leaned  much  upon  the  leaders  who  walked  in  the 
old  historical  paths.  Thus  the  Constitution  of  1777 
is  a  marvel  of  conservative  caution,  and  shows  the 
power  of  Jay  and  his  associates  over  the  mass,  who 
were  far  more  radical  than  he,  and  who  consented 
to  restricted  suffrage  and  the  aristocratic  Councils  of 


IN   THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.         23 

Appointment  and  Kevision  as  keeping  them  within 
the  safe  old  paths,  whilst  they  rejoiced  in  the  un- 
trammeled  religious  liberty  given.  Quite  remarka- 
ble it  is  that  the  Convention  of  1801  did  little  more 
than  decide  that  the  four  Senators  on  the  Council 
of  Appointment  should  have  concurrent  voices  with 
the  Governor  in  making  appointments  to  office.  The 
people  seemed  to  feel  that  they  were  a  civic  fact,  a 
historic  force,  an  actual  institution,  and  it  was  a 
great  thing  to  keep  the  life  that  came  to  them  from 
their  fathers. 

In  their  own  way,  their  historical  life  expanded 
into  new  enterprises  and  institutions,  and  the  year 
1804,  that  saw  our  Historical  Society  founded,  the 
City  Hall  rising  from  its  foundation,  and  the  Public 
School  Society  virtually  resolved  upon,  was  a  mem- 
orable date  in  the  annals  of  the  city.  It  was  marked 
also  by  dark  signs  ;  for  it  brought  the  terrible  fire  of 
December,  with  its  loss  of  $2,000,000  and  forty  stores 
and  dwellings,  and  the  death  of  Hamilton ,  and  the 
loss  of  his  brilliant  gifts  and  guiding  intellect. 

In  religion  and  theology  there  was  much  of  the 
same  spirit.  The  New  York  Churches  were  strong ; 
but  the  clergy  were  little  given  to  speculative  think- 
ing, and  no  commanding  thinker  appeared  among 
them,  such  as  abounded  in  New  England.  They 
kept  the  old  creeds  and  usages  with  a  strength  that 
awed  down  dissent,  and  with  a  benign  temper  that 
conciliated  favor.  Latitudinarian  tendencies  were 
either  suppressed,  or  driven  into  open  hostility  with 
the  popular  creeds  under  deistical  or  atheistical 
teachers.    In  all,  the  congregations  numbered  30,  and 


24  NEW   YQEK 

the  Jews  had  one  synagogue.  Even  the  most  radical 
congregation  in  the  city,  the  Universalist,  held  main- 
ly the  old  theological  views,  and  had  only  one  point 
of  peculiar  doctrine,  and  even  with  this  single  excep- 
tion, and  with  all  the  orthodox  habits,  they  had  only 
a  lay  organization  in  1801,  and  were  without  a  regu- 
lar minister  till  1803. 

The  Dutch  Reformed,  Episcopalians,  Presbyte- 
rians, and  Methodists,  numbered  each  five  congre- 
gations ;  the  Baptists  three ;  the  Friends  two ;  the 
Lutherans  two ;  the  Roman  Catholics,  Huguenots, 
Moravians,  and  Universalists,  one  each.  Some  writers 
erroneously  assign  seven  churches,  instead  of  ^vq, 
to  the  Episcopalians  in  1801 ;  by  claiming  for  them 
the  Huguenot  Church  Du  Saint  Esprit,  which  was 
established  in  1704,  and  acceded  to  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  1804,  and  Zion  Church,  which  was  estab- 
lished by  Lutherans  in  1801,  and  joined  the  Epis- 
copal communion  in  1810. 

As  far  as  we  can  judge,  the  Presbyterian  clergy 
had  most  of  the  new  American  culture  of  the  severer 
kind,  and  Drs.  Samuel  Miller  and  John  M.  Mason 
were  the  intellectual  leaders  of  the  New  York  pulpit. 
The  only  man  to  be  named  with  them  in  popular 
influence  was  John  Henry  Hobart,  who  was  or- 
dained in  1801,  consecrated  bishop  in  1811,  and 
who,  in  spite  of  his  extreme  views  of  Episcopal  pre- 
rogative, is  to  be  named  among  the  fathers  of  the 
American  Church,  and  a  good  specimen  of  what  old 
Trinity  Church  has  done  to  unite  patriotism  with 
religion. 

The  Episcopal  Church  had  much  accomplishment 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.         25 

in  its  clergy,  and  Bishop  Prevoost,  who  received 
ordination  in  England,  was  a  man  of  extensive 
knowledge,  and  Dr.  Livingston  of  the  Dutch  Church 
was  a  good  match  for  him  in  learning  and  dignity. 
It  is  said  that  when  these  clerical  magnates  met  on 
Sundays  and  exchanged  salutations,  they  took  up 
the  entire  street,  and  reminded  beholders  of  two 
frigates  under  full  sail,  exchanging  salutes  with  each 
other. 

Yet  none  of  the  ISTew  York  clergy  were  patterns 
of  the  peculiar  thinking  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
and  the  leaders  steered  clear  of  all  traces  of  the 
rising  rationalism.  Dr.  Miller  touches  upon  the 
philosophy  of  the  eighteenth  century  in  his  retro- 
spect, and  promises  to  deal  with  theology  in  a 
separate  work,  but  did  not  fulfil  the  promise ;  and 
only  indicates  his  own  leaniDgs  and  limited  cul- 
ture by  praising  Locke  and  Reid  in  the  same  chap- 
ter, and,  in  almost  the  same  breath,  accepting  Jona- 
than Edwards  and  ridiculing  Emanuel  Kant.  Very 
clearly  New  York  religion  was  not  speculative  or 
philosophical,  yet  it  was  none  the  less  a  positive 
institution,  a  living  force,  and  it  made  up  by  its 
kindly  spirit  and  its  historical  life  for  the  absence 
of  the  critical  knowledge  that  sometimes  is  found 
apart  from  piety  and  charity — the  knowledge  that 
puffeih  up.  We  are  to  look  for  the  connections  of 
the  old  New  York  religion  with  the  new  age  in 
its  powerful  organizing  spirit ;  and  the  great  move- 
ments of  piety  and  charity  in  America  have  come 
from  the  union  of  the  institutional  stability,  order, 
and  method  of  New  York  with  the  more  subjective 


26  NEW   YOEK 

thouglit  and  culture  of  New  England.  Eeligious 
liberty  has  had  its  grandest  organizations  from  this 
city,  as  a  centre,  and  we  have  seen  only  the  begin 
ning  of  its  mighty  and  benign  work. 

We  may  regard  old  New  York  as  culminating 
in  the  year  1825,  with  the  completion  of  the  Erie 
Canal;  and  that  great  jubilee  that  married  this  city 
to  the  mighty  west,  began  a  new  era  of  triumph  and 
responsibility,  that  soon  proved  that  the  bride's  festi- 
val is  followed  by  the  wife's  cares  and  the  mother's 
/  anxieties.  New  York  had  become  the  national  city, 
and  was  so  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  more,  and 
then  she  became  cosmopolitan,  European  as  well 
as  American,  and  obviously  one  of  the  few  leading 
cities  of  the  world — the  third  city  of  Christendom. 
We  may  %.^  this  change  upon  the  middle  of  the 
century  as  well  as  upon  any  date,  and  call  the  time 
from  1850  till  now,  her  cosmopolitan  era.  The 
change,  of  course,  was  gradual,  and  the  great  increase 
of  the  city  dates  from  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary 
war,  and  the  evacuation  of  the  city  by  the  British 
troops.  The  population  doubled  nearly  in  the  ten 
years  after  1790,  and  went  from  33,000  to  60,000. 
In  1825  it  reached  166,086,  and  in  1850  rose  to 
515,515.  All  this  increase  could  not  but  bring  a 
new  sense  of  power,  and  throughout  all  the  bewilder- 
ing maze  of  the  old  New  York  politics  we  can  see 
traces  of  the  desire  of  the  people  and  their  leaders 
to  dispute  the  palm  of  empire  with  Virginia  and  its 
old  dominion.  Ihe  efforts  seemed  vain  that  were 
made  to  put  New  Yorkers  into  the  presidential 
chair.     Before  1825,  the  State  had  tried  three  ^iraes 


IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTUEY.  27 

to  elect  a  President,  and  three  times  had  raised  one 
of  its  sons  to  the  Vice-Presidency.  What  could  not 
be  done  directly,  was  done  indirectly,  and  it  seems 
to  have  been  De  Witt  Clinton,  before  any  leading 
Northern  man,  who  led  the  way  to  the  nomination 
of  Andrew  Jackson  to  the  Presidency ;  and  before 
Van  Buren  had  taken  the  same  stand,  he  began  the 
movement  that  ended  in  breaking  the  old  Virginia 
line  of  power  by  reaching  over  into  Tennessee  and 
bringing  a  successful  soldier  into  the  field  of  politics. 
The  line  once  broken,  New  York  made  wav  for  its 

7  t/ 

own  ambition,  and  twice  has  had  the  Presidency  in 
its  hands ;  and  had  more  reasons  than  state  ambi- 
tion for  desiring  to  continue  in  power,  when  proba- 
bly the  ablest  and  purest  of  her  new  statesmen,  Silas 
Wright,  lost  his  political  prospects  because  he  would 
not  strike  hands  with  the  propagandists  of  slavery; 
carried  forward  democracy  in  the  spirit  of  its  anti- 
slavery  champion,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  who  moved 
the  Liberty  Bill  of  1817  ;  and  the  new  age  began 
which  has  committed  the  Empire  State  to  the  do- 
minion of  freedom,  and  put  her  practically  at  the 
head  of  the  movement  which  identifies  the  democratic 
idea  in  America  with  emancipation  in  the  nineteenth 
century. 

The  Constitutional  Convention  of  1821,  with  its 
moderate  liberalism,  and  the  amendment  of  1826,  re- 
moving restrictions  on  white  suffrage,  and  the  Con- 
stitution of  1846,  with  its  extreme  radicalism,  con- 
nect this  city  with  general  history,  especially  by 
their  bearing  on  universal  suffrage,  and  the  extension 
of  the  elective  powers  of  the  people,  and  the  decen- 


28  NEW   YORK 

tralizing  of  the  State,  to  give  more  sway  to  local 
liberty,  especially  as  to  local  magistrates  and  even 
judges.  It  is  clear  that  the  spirit  of  the  nineteenth 
century  was  at  work  among  the  people;  and,  in 
some  respects,  has  gone  so  far  as  to  raise  the  ques- 
tion, whether  liberty  has  not  been  disorganized  under 
the  hands  of  its  dissectors,  who  have  taken  the  body 
politic  to  pieces,  with  the  promise  of  putting  it  to- 
gether with  complete  equality  among  the  members, 
without  setting  the  intelligent  voters,  who  should  be 
the  head,  above  the  sots  and  dunces,  who  should  be 
its  foot ;  and  without  denying  suffrage  to  a  drunken 
ignoramus  on  account  of  his  color,  yet  refusing  it  to  an 
intelligent  and  sober  patriot  for  having  another  skin. 

It  was  in  the  period  that  we  have  called  national, 
that  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1846  was  held, 
and  entailed  upon  us,  by  its  indiscriminate  aboli- 
tion of  the  old  central  safeguards,  some  of  the  mis- 
chiefs that  stand  in  such  contrast  with  the  majestic 
triumphs  of  the  city  in  wealth  and  culture  during 
that  period,  and  which  called  for  some  remedy,  and 
found  it,  in  part,  in  the  new  plan  of  centralized 
power,  which,  since  1849,  has  given  the  State  at 
large  a  hand  in  our  home  affairs.  How  grand  in 
other  respects  was  the  development  of  the  city  in 
that  twenty-five  years,  1825  to  1850,  and  what  a 
new  and  marvellous  world  of  wealth  and  splendor 
rose  before  the  eyes  of  our  people  ! 

In  1830  the  State,  which  in  1800  threw  the  same 
number  of  electoral  votes  as  North  Carolina,  had 
risen  from  586,756,  to  1,918,608,  and  the  city  had 
gone  from  60,489  to  202,589. 


IN   THi:   NINETEENTH   CENTUEY.  29 

The  introduction  of  gas  and  of  tlie  Croton  water 
were  grand  illustrations  of  tlie  power  of  organized  in- 
dustry, and  mighty  aids  in  throwing  light,  health,  and 
purity  into  the  lives  of  the  people  ;  and  the  rise  of 
the  great  popular  daily  journals  that  almost  created 
the  national  press  of  America,  made  an  era  in  the 
free  fellowship  of  public  thought.  The  city  pushed 
its  triumphal  march  forward  during  that  period,  from 
Bleecker  Street  to  Madison  Square,  and  vainly  tried 
to  halt  its  forces  at  Washington  and  Union  Squares, 
or  to  pause  long  anywhere  on  the  way  of  empire. 
The  whole  period  would  make  an  important  history 
of  itself,  and  our  task  now  is  with  the  New  York 
of  to-day,  as  it  has  risen  into  cosmopeUtan  rank  since 
1850 — ^the  year  which  gave  us  a  line  of  European 
steamers  of  our  own,  and  opened  the  Golden  Gate 
of  California  to  our  packets. 

Look  at  our  city  now  in  its  extent,  population, 
wealth,  institutions,  and  connections,  and  consider 
how  far  it  is  doing  its  great  work,  under  God's  provi- 
dence, as  the  most  conspicuous  representative  of  the 
liberty  of  the  nineteenth  century  in  its  hopes  and 
fears.  You  are  too  familiar  with  the  figures  and 
facts  that  show  the  largeness  of  the  city,  to  need 
any  minute  or,  extended  summary  or  recapitulation. 
That  we  are  not  far  from  a  million  of  people  on  this 
island,  that  began  the  century  with  60,000  ;  that  the 
valuation  of  property,  real  and  personal,  has  risen 
since  1805  from  $25,000,000,  to  $136,988,058 ;  that 
the  real  value  of  property  here  is  about  $1,000,000,- 
000,  or  a  thirtieth  part  of  the  entire  property  of 
Great  Britain ;  that  our  taxes  within  that  time  have 


30  NEW   YORK 

risen  from  $12T,000  to  $16,950,767,  over  four  and  a 
half  millions  more  than  our  whole  national  expendi- 
ture in  1801 ;  that  our  banking  capital  is  over  $90,- 
000,000,  and  the  transactions  of  our  Clearing  Houses, 
for  the  year  ending  October  1,  1866,  were  over  $29,- 
000,000,000 ;  that  our  Savings  Banks  have  300,000 
depositors,  and  $77,000,000  of  deposits;  that  our 
108  Fire  Insurance  Companies  and  38  Fire  Agencies 
have  a  capital  of  $47,560,000,  and  our  18  Life  In- 
surance Companies  a  capital  of  $2,938,000,  whose  pre- 
miums last  year  were  nearly  $9,000,000  ;  that,  by  the 
census  of  1865,  the  number  of  dwellings  was  49,844, 
and  the  value  of  them  was  $423,096,918  ;  that  this 
city,  by  the  census  of  1860,  returned  a  larger  manu- 
facturing product  than  any  other  city  in  the  Union, 
and  more  than  any  State,  except  New  York,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Pennsylvania — the  sum  total  of  $159,- 
107,369,fromrawmaterial  worth $96,177,038  in  4,375 
establishments,  with  90,204  operatives,  and  $61,212,- 
757  capital,  and  manufactured  nearly  one-eleventh  of 
the  sum  total  of  the  United  States  *  manufactures  in 

*  In  justice  to  Philadelphia  we  quote  the  statistics  of  her  manufactories 
from  the  census  of  1860,  which  show  a  larger  number  of  hands  employed,  and 
a  larger  capital  invested,  with  less  value,  however,  in  raw  material,  and  in  the 
value  of  the  product.  Philadelphia  had,  m  1860,  6,298  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments, with  a  capital  invested  of  $73,318,885  ;  with  the  cost  of  raw  material, 
$69,562,206;  with  98,983  operatives,  and  with  an  annual  product  of  value 
$135,979,677.  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  Philadelphia,  since  1854, 
is  made  to  include  the  whole  county  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  square  miles — 
nearly  six  times  the  area  of  New  York  city — which  is  very  much  like  annexing 
Brooklyn  and  Jersey  City  and  the  whole  neighborhood  that  really  contains  New 
York  people,  business,  and  capital  to  the  city  itself,  and  setting  their  financial 
returns  down  under  one  head.  It  is  to  be  desired  that  New  York  would  make 
as  good  provision  for  mechanics  and  persons  of  moderate  means,  as  Philadelphia 
makes  by  her  many  snug  and  cheap  houses,  and  her  light  expenses  and  simpler 
habits. 


IN   THE   NmETEENTH   CENTURY.  31 

1860,  which  was  lljSSSjSeijG're ;  that  in  twenty 
years  we  exported,  from  September  1,  1846,  to  Sep- 
tember 1,  1866,  to  Europe,  over  27,000,000  barrels 
of  flour,  over  164,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  127,- 
000,000  bushels  of  corn,  nearly  5,000,000  bushels  of 
rye ;  that  the  receipts  for  customs  in  this  port  for 
1865  were  $101,772,905  ;  that  this  city  is  the  great 
gold  market  of  the  world,  and  in  1865  received 
$61,201,108,  and  exported  over  $30,000,000  abroad, 
and  received  in  twelve  years,  1854  to  1866,  from  San 
Francisco  $375,558,659  in  gold ;  that  our  shipping, 
registered  and  enrolled  in  1865,  amounted  in  tonnage 
to  1,223,264  tons,  and  the  number  of  arrivals  of 
vessels  in  this  port  in  1865  was  12,634,  of  these 
2,078  being  steamers  ;  that  our  exports  for  the  year 
1865  were  $208,630,282,  and  our  imports  were 
$224,742,419;  that,  on  an  average,  35  tons  of  mail- 
matter  are  received  here  for  our  citizens,  and  55  tons 
are  sent  out  daily ;  that  the  average  number  of  mail- 
bags  received  is  385,  and  the  average  number  sent 
out  is  713 ;  that  within  three  years  and  a  half  the 
mail  correspondence  of  our  citizens  has  doubled ; 
that  the  number  of  letters  and  newspapers  collected 
by  the  carriers  for  the  quarter  ending  December  31, 
1865,  was  over  3,000,000,  and  the  number  delivered 
by  them  was  over  3,600,000,  and  the  deliveries 
from  Post-Office  boxes  for  the  same  quarter  were 
over  5,000,000 ;  that  the  increase  of  letters  is  so 
marvellous  that  New  York  may  soon  rival  London, 
which,  in  1862,  received  by  mail  151,619,000  letters; 
— ^these  and  the  like  plain  statistics  are  sufficient  to 
prove  the  imperial  wealth  and  power  of  New  York, 


32  NEW   YOEK 

and  to  startle  us  with  tlie  problem  of  its  prospective 
growth,  when  we  remember  that  4yV  P^i*  cent,  in- 
crease, which  has  been  generally  the  actual  rate  of 
increase,  will  give  us  a  population  of  some  4,000,000 
at  the  close  of  the  century. 

Now,  what  are  we  to  say  of  the  city  in  its 
higher,  intellectual,  and  moral  relations  to  our  nation 
and  age  ?  What  features  of  cosmopolitan  greatness 
is  it  manifesting  ?  It  is  surely  no  small  thing,  that 
so  many  people  live  here  in  tolerable  peace  and  com- 
fort ;  yet,  of  course,  mere  numbers  do  not  constitute 
greatness,  else  Pekin  would  excel  us  two  to  one, 
and  Yeddo  might  throw  Paris  and  London  into  the 
shade.  Greatness  is  in  quality,  not  quantity,  and  a 
rational  man  of  five  feet  eight  inches  is  greater  than, 
a  rude  giant  of  eight  feet,  or  a  whale  of  ninety  feet, 
or  a  comet  with  a  tail  fifteen  millions  of  miles  long. 
Take  the  test  of  quality,  and  New  York  need  not 
hide  her  head  among  the  great  cities  of  the  world, 
nor  shrink  from  comparing  her  best  citizens  with  the 
best  citizens  bf  any  other  city,  nor  from  asking  for 
her  daily  work  an  honorable  position  in  the  history 
of  human  capital,  labor,  and  skill.  Every  day  the 
nation  and  the  world  are  richer  for  what  is  done  on 
this  island,  and  the  great  army  of  workers  here  with 
the  hand  or  head,  presents  a  marvellous  spectacle  to 
the  mind  capable  of  putting  their  various  sections 
together,  and  seeing  at  one  view  our  New  York  at 
its  daily  work. 

Let  us  pass  in  review  the  industrial  army  of  the 
city,  which  General  Barlow,  Secretary  of  State,  al- 
lows me  to  copy  from  the  unpublished  census  of 


IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 


33 


1865,  and  let  us  imagine  it  divided  into  regiments, 
thus,  of  about  a  thousand  persons  each  : 


Blacksmiths,  over  two  and  one-half regiments  or 

Bookbinders,  over  one 

Boiler  Makers,  nearly  one 

Boot  and  Shoe  Makers,  over  six 

Butchers,  four 

Brokers,  one  and  one-third 

Barbers,  one 

Cabinet  Makers  and  Dealers,  two  and  one-half. 

Carpenters,  over  six 

Cartmen  and  Draymen,  four  and  one-half; .... 

Clerks,  seventeen  and  one-half 

Clergy,  nearly  one-half 

Confectioners,  nearly  one 

Cooks,  one 

Coopers,  one  and  one-half 

Dressmakers,  etc.,  nine  and  one-half 

Drivers,  nearly  two 

Engineerwfl,  over  one 

Grocers,  one 

Hat  and  Cap  Makers,  one  and  one-half 

Jewelers,  one 

Laborers,  twenty-one  and  one-quarter 

Laundresses,  three  and  one-half 

Lawyers,  one  and  one-fourth 

Merchants,  six 

Machinists,  three 

Masons,  three 

Milliners,  one  and  one-third 

Musicians,  nearly  one 

Painters  and  Glaziers,  four 

Peddlers,  two 

Physicians,  one  and  one-fourth 

Piano  Makers,  nearly  one 

Plumbers,  one. . . . , , 

Police,  one  and  one-half 

Porters,  nearly  three 

Printers,  two 

Saddlers  and  Harness  Makers,  one 

Sailors  and  Marines,  over  three 

8 


ments  or.. . 

.      2,621 

(( 

1,134 

u 

910 

(( 

6,307 

44 

.      3.998 

44 

1,848 

44 

1,054 

44 

2,575 

(4 

6,352 

44 

4,675 

44 

17,620 

(4 

429 

44 

756 

44 

906 

44 

.      1,401 

44 

9,501 

44 

.      1,895 

4( 

.      1,196 

44 

937 

44 

.      1,438 

(( 

925 

44 

21,231 

44 

.      3,590 

44 

1,232 

44 

.      5,978 

44 

.      3,108 

44 

2,757 

44 

1,334 

44 

809 

44 

3,801 

t4 

1,988 

44 

1,269 

44 

855 

44 

1,108 

44 

1,546 

44 

2,729 

44 

2,186 

44 

915 

(i 

3,288 

34  NEW   YOEK 

Servants,  thirty-three regiments  or . 

School-Children,  one  hundred " 

Ship  Carpenters,  one " 

Stone  Cutters,  one  and  one-third " 

Tailors,  ten " 

Teachers,  over  one  and  one-half " 

Tinsmiths,  one " 


83,282 
100,000 
1,156 
1,342 
9,734 
1,608 
931 


These  occupations  and  others  that  I  might  pre- 
sent from  the  voluminous  pages  of  the  Census,  reckon 
about  150,000  of  the  people,  and  with  school-child- 
ren  a  quarter  of  a  million. 

The  measure  of  a  man's  dignity  depends  upon 
the  degree  in  which  he  rises  above  his  private  wants 
and  lives  in  universal  principles,  motives,  and  ob- 
jects. Now,  how  far  is  the  work  of  our  city  made 
to  bear  upon  the  business  and  welfare  of  the  nation 
and  the  world,  and  how  does  a  cosmopolitan  spirit 
mark  the  temper  of  our  people  ?  Much,  surely,  and 
probably  far  more  than  we  are  apt  to  think.  The 
truth  is  coming  out,  more  and  more,  that  we  are 
working  with  the  country  and  the  race,  and  giving 
and  receiving  good  of  all  kinds,  by  a  perpetual  and 
magnificent  exchange  of  thought  and  incentive,  as 
well  as  of  merchandise.  Our  best  merchants  are 
obliged  to  hold  the  markets  of  the  globe  in  their 
minds,  and  our  commerce  is  the  practical  fellowship 
of  the  business  of  the  world,  and  this  city  has  much 
of  the  enterprise  and  wealth  of  the  whole  nation  in 
its  charge.  I  do  not  say  that  business  is  done 
wholly  or  mainly  for  disinterested  aims,  or  that 
Wall  Street  and  South  Street  are  zealots  for  uni- 
versal philanthropy  or  missionary  sacrifice ;  but  I  do 
believe  that  they,  in  their  best  merchants,  have  a 


IN   THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.  35 

large  sense  of  the  grandeur  of  their  work  and  a  ris- 
ing conviction  of  its  relation  to  the  nation  and  the 
world.  Our  best  merchants  and  bankers  do  not  neg- 
lect character  as  an  essential  attendant  of  capital, 
and  commercial  honor  means  as  much  here  as  any- 
where in  America  or  Europe.  The  city  that  is  next 
to  London  in  financial  importance,  and  lately  saved 
the  credit  of  the  Bank  of  England  by  her  gold, 
is  not  behind  London  in  the  worth  of  a  true  busi- 
ness man's  word.  Business  here  in  its  best  form  is 
done  with  careful  method  as  well  as  large  enterprise, 
and  the  leading  firms  assure  me  that  one  per  cent, 
in  sales  will  cover  the  amount  of  their  average  losses 
in  trade.  Of  course,  wealth  is  no  measure  of  great- 
ness, and  we  all  know  how  utterly  contemptible  a 
millionnaire  may  make  himself  by  his  utter  treachery 
to  the  noblest  principles ;  but  it  is  the  man  that  is 
mean,  not  the  spirit  of  business,  nor  the  nature  of 
capital.  The  money  is  often  nobler  than  the  man, 
and  capital,  under  the  influence  of  the  immense  en- 
terprise and  world-wide  relations  of  this  city,  has  a 
certain  grandeur  in  its  tone,  and  cannot  be  sluggish, 
nor  wholly  mean,  if  it  will  follow  bravely  the  lead 
of  the  age,  and  make  its  investments  with  the  best 
promise  of  honest  return.  Surely,  our  New  York 
capital  is  in  marvellous  relations  with  the  industry 
of  the  nation  and  the  globe,  and  the  purse  here  is 
the  sinew  of  peace,  as  it  has  been  the  sinew  of  war. 
Day  by  day  it  keeps  its  vast  army  and  navy  of 
industry  on  the  land  and  sea,  and  no  man  can  enter 
intelligently  into  the  study  of  the  relations  of  capital 
and  labor  here,  without  saying  that  the  subject  rises 


36  NEW   YOEK 

into  imperial  dignity,  and  a  true  merchant  cannot 
be  a  churl  or  a  dunce.  Business  itself  here  teaches 
large  ideas,  and  breathes  a  brave  spirit  and  a  gener- 
ous fellowship.  The  trades  catch  something  of  the 
same  temper,  and  the  mechanics  of  this  city,  so  emi- 
nent for  skill  and  thrift,  have  much  sense  of  their 
part  in  the  work  of  their  time,  as  well  as  their  craft. 

The  earnings  of  labor  rise  here  into  grandeur, 
and  not  only  count  up  by  millions  in  our  Savings 
Banks,  but  defend  the  country  and  build  up  the 
city.  New  York  was  built  up  largely  by  money 
loaned  to  our  merchants  from  our  Savings  Banks ; 
and,  when  the  nation's  life  was  threatened,  these 
husbanded  wages,  as  will  be  seen  by  Colonel  War- 
ner's statement,*  were  transferred  into  loans  to  our 
Government,  and  thus  our  hard-handed  industry 
sent  its  money  as  well  as  its  men  to  the  war ;  and, 
therefore,  New  York  labor  is  imperial  in  its  work, 
and  has  done  a  noble  part  in  giving  our  America 
her  place  among  the  nations.  How  mightily  New 
York  labor,  capital,  and  skill,  met  together  in  our 
iron-clad  fleet !  When  the  brave  little  Monitor 
steamed  into  Chesapeake  Bay  and  struck  the  rebel 
bully,  the  Merrimac,  the  deadly  blow  that  stopped 
its  piratical  work,  the  mechanics  and  merchants 
of  New  York  were  there  in  their  might,  and  Ful- 
ton and  Ericsson  led  them  to  their  triumph  under 
the  good  old  flag  of  the  Union.  Our  business 
surely  rises  into  imperial  proportions,  and  is  train- 
ing us  to  a  certain  sense  of  our  belonging  to  the 
great    empire   of  industry  that  is    so  vitally    con- 

*  See  Appeii(S^, 


m   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTUEY.  ST 

nected  witli  the  republic  of  letters.  It  does  some 
tilings  tliat  have  a  romantic  grandeur,  and  read 
like  chapters  of  a  poem.  What  was  it  in  the  main 
but  the  business  spirit,  that  carried  through  the 
last  wonder  of  the  world?  It  was  not  abstract 
philanthropy,  nor  priestly  ambition,  nor  missionary 
zeal,  nor  scientific  pride,  nor  intellectual  curiosity,  but 
simple  business  enterprise,  far-seeing  and  plucky, 
that  laid  the  Atlantic  Cable,  and  gave  the  two 
hemispheres  of  the  globe  one  pulse  and  brain.  In 
the  Great  Eastern,  C}t:'us  W.  Field  brought  our  Fulton 
and  Morse  to  work  together  in  a  wonderful  way, 
and  Fulton's  steam  carried  the  cable,  and  Morse's 
lightning  sent  through  the  thought.  So  the  spirit 
of  business  joined  together  the  engine  that  carries 
bulk  with  the  battery,  that  discharges  brain;  and 
New  York  has  had  a  mighty  hand  in  that  organism 
of  liberty  of  the  nineteenth  century,  that  emanci- 
pates man  from  the  weight  of  his  burdens  and  the 
bonds  of  distance  and  of  time. 

As  to  the  bearing  of  New  York  upon  govern- 
ment, which  is  part  of  the  great  work  of  life,  there 
is  much  to  say  in  various  directions,  lights,  and 
shades.  Yet  this  is  surely  true,  that  this  city  in 
its  real  historical  life  has  been  the  guardian  of 
liberty,  order,  and  union,  and  the  great  scandals 
that  have  sometimes  fallen  upon  its  good  name, 
have  not  been  its  own  home  production.  The  city 
has  been  wonderfully  free  from  disorder,  and  when 
mobs  have  appeared,  the  fact  that  they  have  showed 
their  heads  reads  less  conspicuously  in  our  history, 
than   the  fact  that  they  were   at  once    put  down, 


38  NEW   YOEK 

and  the  lieads  disappeared  more  quickly  tlian  they 
came.  The  last  of  these  mobs  and  the  worst,  be- 
cause against  the  few  and  unoffending  negroes,  was 
most  effectually  put  down,  and  the  city  at  large 
applauded  the  magistrate  whose  decision  was  most 
conspicuous  in  giving  the  rioters  their  due,  and  he 
is  now  our  honored  Mayor.  The  logic  of  our  his- 
tory and  conviction  as  to  mobs,  is  simple  and  suf- 
ficient. It  says  to  all  assemblies  that  threaten  per- 
son or  property,  "  Disperse !  "  and  if  they  do  not 
go,  then  it  says,  "  Fire !  "  In  mercy,  as  well  as  in 
justice,  that  logic  has  worked  well,  and  is  not  like- 
ly to  die  out. 

The  marvellous  growth  of  population,  within 
twenty  years,  has  added  half  a  million  to  our  num- 
bers, and  called,  of  course,  for  new  measures,  and 
ought  to  be  some  excuse  for  some  mistakes  and 
disappointments.  The  charter  bears  the  mark  of 
many  changes,  and  is  destined  to  bear  more.  The 
original  charter  was  given  by  James  II.  in  1686 ; 
was  amended  by  Queen  Anne  in  1708 ;  further 
enlarged  by  George  II.  in  IT 30,  into  what  is  now 
known  as  Montgomerie's  Charter,  and  as  such  was 
confirmed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Province 
in  1732,  and  made  New  York  essentially  a  free 
city.  The  Mayor  was  appointed  by  the  Provincial 
Governor  and  Council,  till  the  Revolution ;  by  the 
State  Governor  and  four  members  of  the  Council 
of  Appointment,  till  1821 ;  by  the  Common  Council, 
until  1834,  and  afterwards  by  the  people.  In  1830, 
the  people  divided  the  Common  Council  into  two 
boards,  and,  in   1849,  the  government   was  divided 


m   THE   NINETEEin?H   CENTURY.  39 

into  seven  departments,  the  heads  of  each  being 
chosen  by  the  people,  and  the  Mayor's  term  of  of- 
fice being  extended  to  two  years.  In  1853,  the 
Board  of  Assistant  Aldermen  was  changed  to  a 
Board  of  sixty  Councilmen,  and  the  term  of  Alder- 
men extended  to  two  years.  In  185Y,  the  number 
of  Aldermen  was  reduced  from  twenty-two  to  seven- 
teen, and  the  sixty  Councilmen  to  twenty-four ;  and 
the  present  complex  system  of  government  was  es- 
tablished, with  its  many  disconnected  branches  and 
equivocal  division  of  power  between  the  city,  coun- 
ty, and  state.  Strangely  is  the  Mayor  shorn  of 
power,  and  the  office  which  De  Witt  Clinton  pre- 
ferred to  his  place  in  the  National  Senate,  is  now 
little  more  than  a  name  and  position.  Still,  the 
essence  of  Montgomerie's  old  charter  remains,  and 
the  true  spirit  can  redress  the  new  corruptions. 

There  are  some  ugly  aspects  of  our  city  govern- 
ment that  make  it  difficult  to  treat  the  subject  in 
the  dignified  light  of  history,  and  difficult  to  keep 
silent  upon  the  manifest  wickedness  of  some  of  our 
officials  and  their  accomplices.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  take  partisan  ground  to  rebuke  the  wrong ;  for 
no  party  has  the  monopoly  of  the  offence.  Fair 
men  of  both  parties  now  say  that  our  citizens  are 
robbed  and  our  city  is  disgraced.  It  is  clear  that 
whilst  we  have  many  honest  and  effective  men  in 
office,  we  have  also  a  set  of  knaves  in  power,  whose 
conduct  violates  every  principle  of  justice  and  pa- 
triotism. May  I  not  say,  that  whilst  this  city  is 
intensely  American  in  feeling,  we  are  afflicted  with 
one  institution  peculiarly  foreign  ?    We  have  a  royal 


40  NEW   YOEK 

family,  whose  maintenance  is  very  dear,  and  whose 
title  to  their  state  and  income  it  is  hard  to  discover. 
They  abound  in  brass  and  gold;  but  whilst  the 
brass  on  their  faces  is  their  own,  the  gold  in  their 
pockets  is  stolen  from  yours.  They  have  the  cost- 
liest signet  ring  in  Christendom,  and  it  makes  the 
dirtiest  mark,  and  sullies  the  sacred  motto  of  Lib- 
erty which  it  bears.  It  puts  the  stain  of  iniquity 
even  upon  the  seat  of  judgment,  and  the  millions 
($2,243,340  60)  expended  on  the  unfinished  Court- 
House,  prove  that  the  work  has  been  managed  in 
part  by  thieves.  What  to  do  is  the  universal  ques- 
tion, and  we  all  ask  it  with  perplexity.  The  prin- 
ciple is  clear,  and  the  method  will  ere  long  show 
itself.  The  principle  of  our  redemption  is  to  be 
found  in  the  sacred  idea  of  freedom.  It  is  not  in 
party  spirit,  nor  aristocratic  pride,  nor  property  pre- 
rogative ;  but  in  intelligent  liberty  and  public  spirit. 
We  are  oppressed,  degraded,  and  robbed,  and  we 
ask  to  be  liberated,  and  we  shall  be,  if  we  trust 
more  in  the  spirit  of  Zenger  and  his  Liberty  Boys 
than  that  of  Lord  Howe  with  his  dragoons.  The 
city  belongs  to  the  State,  nation,  and  world,  and  not 
to  any  clique  or  ring  or  party;  yet  whatever  is 
done,  should  aim  to  give  our  citizens  self-respect, 
to  train  them  as  much  as  possible  to  manage  their 
own  affairs.  Our  people  are  intelligent,  industrious, 
honest,  and  brave,  and  mean  to  have  their  rights, 
and  shall.  Careful  legislation,  with  intelligent  suf- 
frage and  a  city  government  more  on  the  plan  of 
the  national,  and  taking  from  the  Common  Council 
its  temptations  to  base  jobs,  will  set  us  right,  and 


TN  THE  NINETEENTH   OENTUEY.  41 

free  us  from  being  subject  to  the  dynasty  of  dirt 
and  sovereignty  of  sots.  Of  parties  merely,  as  such, 
little  is  to  be  hoped.  Of  the  people  of  the  city  and 
the  State,  all  may  be  expected  that  is  right,  when 
existing  wrongs  are  clearly  seen,  and  all  honest  men 
are  banded  against  them  by  the  true  principle  of 
impartial  suflfrage,  and  universal  liberty  and  law. 
Then,  as  elsewhere  in  America,  liberty  becomes  con- 
servative, and  is  settled  into  law,  whilst  law  rises 
into  liberty.  Let  all  honest  men  take  as  much  in- 
terest in  our  city  affairs  as  thieves  now  take,  and 
our  city  is  saved. 

With  all  the  drawback  of  defective  municipal 
government,  the  city  is  a  great  power  in  the  Union, 
and  gave  its  wealth  and  men  to  the  nation.  'Naj, 
its  very  passion  has  been  national,  and  the  mass 
who  deplored  the  war  never  gave  up  the  Union, 
and  might,  perhaps,  have  consented  to  compromise 
rather  than  to  disunion,  and  have  gone  beyond  any 
other  city  in  clinging  to  the  Union  as  such,  whether 
right  or  wi^ong.  The  thoughtful  mind  of  the  city 
saw  the  true  issue,  and,  whilst  little  radical  or  doc- 
trinaire in  its  habit  of  thinking,  and  more  inclined 
to  trust  to  historical  tendencies  and  institutional 
discipline  for  the  removal  of  wrong  than  to  abstract 
ideas,  it  did  not  waver  a  moment  after  the  die  was 
cast,  and  the  blow  of  rebellion  and  disunion  was 
clear.  The  ruling  business  powers  of  the  city  gave 
money  and  men  to  the  nation,  when  the  Government 
was  halting  and  almost  paralyzed.  The  first  loan 
was  hazardous  and  the  work  of  patriotism,  and 
when  our  credit  was  once  committed,  the  wealth  of 


42  NEW  TOEK 

tlie  city  was  wholly  at  tlie  service  of  tlie  nation, 
and  tlie  ideas  of  New  England,  and  tlie  enthusiasm 
of  tlie  West,  marclied  to  victory  witli  tlie  mighty 
concurrence  of  the  money  and  the  men  of  the  Em 
pire  City  and  State.  The  State  furnished  473,443 
men,  or,  when  reduced  to  years  of  service,  1,148,604 
years'  service ;  equal  to  three  years'  service  of  382,- 
868  three  years'  men ;  and  the  city  alone  furnished 
116,382  men,  equal  to  267,551  years'  service,  at  a 
net  cost  of  $14,577,214  65.  That  our  moneyed  men 
meant  devoted  patriotism,  it  is  not  safe  to  say  of 
them  all.  In  some  cases,  their  capital  may  have 
been  wiser  and  truer  than  the  capitalist,  and  fol- 
lowed the  great  current  of  national  life.  Capital, 
like  water,  whose  currents  it  resembles,  has  its  own 
laws,  and  he  who  owns  it  cannot  change  its  nature, 
any  more  than  he  who  owns  a  water-power  can 
change  the  power  of  the  water.  The  capital  of  this 
city  is  bound,  under  God,  to  the  unity  of  the  nation, 
and,  therefore,  has  to  do  a  mighty  part  in  organ- 
izing the  liberty  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Led 
by  the  same  large  spirit,  and  true  to  the  Union 
policy  which  has  been  the  habit  of  the  community 
from  the  old  Dutch  times,  the  dominant  thought 
of  our  people  will  be  sure  to  vindicate  the  favorite 
idea  of  States  Rights  in  the  Union  against  States 
Wrongs  out  of  it ;  and  the  seceded  States  will  be 
restored  as  soon  as  they  secure  the  States  that  have 
never  seceded  the  just  fruits  of  the  war  for  the 
national  life — and  guarantee  them  against  all  repeti- 
tion of  the  treason.     The  end  shall  be  liberty  for 


IN"   THE   NIlSrETEENTH    CENTURY.  43 

all ;   for  the  white  man  and  the  black  man,  every- 
where ;  for  the  South  as  well  as  the  North. 

It  might  be  shown  that  the  business  mind  of 
our  city  has  had  great  aptitude  for  the  organization 
and  government  of  institutions  of  charity  and  re- 
form, and  that,  with  all  their  defects,  these  institu- 
tions are,  in  many  respects,  as  remarkable  for  their 
efficiency  as  their  extent.  Here,  moreover,  where 
crime  rises  into  gigantic  proportions,  our  safeguards 
are  by  no  means  of  pigmy  shape,  and  our  police 
system  is  justly  a  matter  of  pride  with  our  good 
citizens,  and  makes  their  walks  safe  by  day  and 
their  pillow  tranquil  at  night.  That  68,373  arrests 
were  made  for  offences  of  all  grades  in  the  year 
1865,  and,  of  these  arrests,  53,911  were  for  offences 
of  violence  or  other  harm  towards  the  person,  proves 
the  vigilance  of  our  police ;  and  that  so  many  who 
were  arrested  were  discharged  on  insufficient  grounds, 
has  raised  in  some  observers  the  suspicion  that  some 
of  our  judges  are  either  not  wise  or  not  honest,  and 
too  near  the  interests  of  the  culprits.  Our  police, 
although  established  by  the  State  authority,  repre- 
sents the  historical,  legitimate  mind  of  the  city  in 
itself  and  its  rural  connections ;  for  the  country  and 
city  are,  in  important  respects,  one,  and  a  large  part 
of  our  true  democracy  who  have  genuine  and  just 
interest  in  the  city,  live  in  the  country.  Aristotle  * 
was  wise,  and  seems  to  have  had  a  foresight  of  our 
day,  when  over  two  thousand  years  ago  he  wrote : 
"  When  a  country  happens  to  be  so  situated,  that  a 
great  part  of  the  land  lies  at  a  distance  from  the 

*  Aristotle,  Politics,  Bcok  vi.,  ch.  iv. 


44  NEW   YOEK 

city,  there  it  is  easy  to  establish  a  good  democracy  or 
a  free  State ;  for  the  people  in  general  are  obliged 
to  form  their  settlements  in  the  country."  Our  rural 
or  territorial  democracy  may  carry  their  jurisdiction 
too  far;  but  their  leading  acts  have  tended  to  or- 
ganize our  liberty,  not  to  bring  us  under  the  yoke 
of  bondage.  It  is  not  the  party,  but  the  great  heart 
of  the  people,  that  we  must  trust.  Surely,  viewing 
our  city  in  all  its  public  institutions,  under  the  two- 
fold aspect  of  urban  and  rural  control,  they  present 
a  great  monument  of  organizing  sagacity  and  force ; 
and  even  the  frauds  that  pervert  their  functions 
cannot  blind  us  to  the  largeness  of  the  organization 
and  the  frequent  fidelity  and  effectiveness  of  the 
management.  We  must  not  exaggerate  our  miseries, 
nor  allow  a  ring  of  thieves  to  shut  us  out  from  the 
knowledge  of  our  faithful  servants.  Eemember  that 
if  New  York  has  rogues  in  office,  other  cities  are 
not  spotless,  nor  wholly  frugal ;  that  London 
prints  ponderous  volumes  on  municipal  frauds,  and 
Paris  *  has  a  yearly  Budget,  that,  of  late,  approaches 

*  That  Paris  is  like  us  in  financial  trouble,  is  evident  from  this  passage  from 
Kolb's  admirable  Handbook  of  Comparative  Statistics,  Leipsic,  1865.  "  The 
city  of  Paris  alone  has  a  Budget  like  an  empire ;  but  like  one  that  finds  itself  in 
financial  decline.  In  1847,  its  levy  was  limited  to  46,000,000  frs.  In  1863, 
the  impost  was  raised  to  55,000,000  at  the  highest;  but  there  was  actually  a 
demand,  ordinary  and  extraordinary,  for  90,000.000;  on  account  of  which  a 
loan  of  50,000,000  was  negotiated.  The  Budget  for  1859  closes  with  the 
figures  '77,649,081  frs.  The  sum  actually  needed  reached  97,720,545  frs.  The 
Budget  for  1864  is  fixed  at  81,586,376  frs.  ordinary,  and  52,714,936  extra- 
ordinary ;  to  which  were  added  15|  millions  supplementary,  and  1,337,630 
special  appropriations;  amounting  in  all  to  the  sum  of  151,408,942  frs.  The 
actual  account  in  1862  reaches  the  enormous  sum  of  175,712,566  frs."  Kolb, 
page  68.  I  have  seen  a  statement  that  sets  the  Budget  of  1863  at  193  million 
frs.  Yet  for  all  this,  Paris  taxes  property  less  than  New  York,  and  so  does  not 
drive  her  residents  away  by  over  taxation.     She  puts  most  of  the  burdens  on 


IN  THE   NESTETEENTH   CENTURY.  45 

$40,000,000  in  gold.  Believe  it,  that  we  have  the 
groundwork  of  a  noble  municipal  order ;  and  the 
poorest  service  that  the  citizen  can  render,  is  to 
despair  of  the  republic  or  its  metropolis.  Its  insti- 
tutions of  charity  and  reform  have  the  outlines  of 
imperial  greatness,  and  need  only  to  be  filled  up 
vnth  an  imperial  mind  and  energy.  Already  muni- 
ficent, voluntary  associations  have  done  a  great  work 
and  given  nobler  promise.  Their  history  would  fill 
volumes. 

Do  not  disdain  to  look  upon  our  city  upon 
another  side,  and  consider  how  the  great  brain  of 
business  refreshes  itself  with  what  is  generally  called 
amusement.  Rehearse  all  the  records  of  excess  and 
folly  and  utter  wickedness  that  you  can,  and  yet 
there  is  something  else,  and  not  by  any  means  dis- 
heartening to  say.  Allow  that  in  this  city,  in  the 
year  ending  October  31,  1865,  over  16,000  persons 
were  arrested  for  intoxication,  and  over  7,000  more 
for  intoxication  and  disorderly  conduct;  that  there 
are  some  10,000  places  for  intoxicating  drinks,  and 
dens  of  licentiousness  in  proportion.  Let  us  not 
forget  that  there  is  something  encouraging  in  the 
demand  for  the  higher  forms  of  recreation,  the  beau- 
tiful arts,  sculpture,  painting,  music,  the  higher 
drama,  and,  above  all,  for  that  gift  of  God,  fair  and 
great  Nature,  as  presented  in  our  noble  Park  under 
the  sagacious  and  powerful  hand  of  art.  We  must 
rest  our  minds  as  well  as  our  bodies,  and  beautiful 


imports  and  sales,  and  in  1864  the  Octroi  tax  was  estimated  at  84,281,000. 
New  York  would  be  a  cheaply  governed  city,  if  we  had  our  whole  revenue  from 
customs,  &c.,  to  draw  from. 


46  NEW  YOEK 

art  gives  tlie  rest  fhat  soothes  without  stupefying, 
and  cheers  without  maddening.  God  himself  is 
opening  a  new  world  of  loveliness.  It  is  He  that 
offers  us  the  musical  scale,  after  our  brains  are 
weary  of  the  multiplication-table,  and  to  man  as 
to  child  he  bids  us  to  the  drama  that  is  called  play, 
after  we  are  worn  down  with  the  drama  that  is 
called  work.  Kemarkable  and  interesting  it  is  to 
see  that  beautiful  tastes  are  rising  with  our  utilita- 
rian pursuits,  and  music  and  its  sister  arts  follow 
in  the  track  of  mathematics  and  its  severe  paths. 
It  is  surely  something  to  thank  Heaven  for,  that  we 
have  so  much  beautiful  art  within  our  reach ;  that 
gifted  men  and  women  bring  hither  their  choice 
works  of  sculpture  and  painting,  and  that  we  have 
heard  Jenny  Lind  and  other  spirits  of  song,  and  seen 
the  Keans  and  Kembles,  Eachel,  Eistori,  and  their 
peers  in  the  higher  walks  of  the  drama.  There  is  a 
Providence  in  it,  and  our  city,  with  all  its  vices  and 
follies,  sets  an  example  to  the  nation  of  the  higher 
pleasures  that  cheer  labor  with  recreation,  and  throw 
over  care  the  charm  of  poetry  and  art.  Happy  will 
be  the  day  when  society  learns  the  true  lesson,  and 
abandons  its  semi-barbarous  extravagance  and  dis- 
sipation, for  true  companionship  and  exalting  graces. 
Society  is  not  well  with  us  now,  and  the  true  union 
of  men  and  women,  social  and  domestic,  is  broken 
by  an  alarming  secession.  The  men  have,  in  great 
numbers,  seceded  to  the  clubs,  and  the  women,  in 
alarming  array,  have  abandoned  themselves  to  dress 
and  jewels,  in  a  devotion  which  makes  the  clothes 
primary,  and  the  woman  secondary;   in   a  fashion 


m   THE   NINETEENTH    CENTURY.  47 

that  renders  most  visiting  intolerable  to  sensible 
men,  and  ranks  the  lady  according  to  the  wardrobe, 
and  the  sociality  according  to  the  cook  and  dancing- 
master.  We  wait  for  the  heroine,  the  feminine  Grant 
or  Sherman,  who  shall  reduce  the  seceders  to  sub- 
mission, plant  the  banner  of  Union  on  the  Fort 
Sumters  of  their  rebellion,  and  bring  them  to  terms 
by  force  of  such  combined  loveliness  and  goodness, 
as  to  make  their  loyal  yoke  more  charming  than  their 
boasted  and  disloyal  liberty.  Then,  perhaps,  mod- 
ern New  York  might  recall,  without  blushing,  what 
Mrs.  Grant  wrote  long  years  ago  of  old  New  York : 
"  These  unembellished  females  had  more  comprehen- 
siveness of  mind,  more  variety  of  ideas,  more,  in 
short,  of  what  may  be  called  original  thinking,  than 
could  be  easily  imagined." 

And  how  shall  we  estimate  the  education  of  our 
people  in  its  various  forms;  by 'schools,  colleges, 
newspapers,  books,  churches,  and,  not  least,  by  this 
great  university  of  human  life  which  is  always  before 
our  eyes  ?  Think  of  the  208,309  scholars  reported  in 
1865  in  our  public  schools,  and  the  average  attend- 
ance of  86,674  in  those  schools,  and  over  100,000 
scholars  in  regular  attendance  in  all  our  schools,  both 
public  and  private.  Think  of  our  galleries  of  art, 
private  and  public,  and  our  great  libraries  and  read- 
ing-rooms like  the  Astor,  the  Mercantile,  the  Society, 
and  the  Cooper  Union.  Consider  the  remarkable 
increase  of  private  libraries,  such  as  Dr.  Wynne  has 
but  begun  to  describe  in  his  magnificent  volume. 
Think  of  our  press,  and  its  constant  and  enormous 
issues,  especially  of  daily  papers,  which  are  the  pecu- 


48  NEW   YOEK 

liar  literary  institution  of  our  time,  and  alike  the 
common  school  and  university  of  our  people.  Our 
350  churches  and  chapels,  258  of  them  being  regular 
churches  of  all  kinds,  can  accommodate  about  300, 
000  hearers,  and  inadequate  as  in  some  respects  they 
are  as  to  location  and  convenience,  they  can  hold  as 
many  of  the  people  as  wish  to  attend  church,  and  far 
more  than  generally  attend.*  Besides  our  churches 
and  chapels,  we  have  powerful  religious  instrumen- 
talities in  our  religious  press,  and  our  city  is  the 
centre  of  publication  of  leading  newspapers,  maga- 
zines, and  reviews,  of  the  great  denominations  of  the 
country.  In  these  organs  the  best  scholars  and 
thinkers  of  the  nation  express  their  thought  in  a 
way  wholly  unknown  at  the  beginning  of  the  cen- 
tury, when  the  religious  press  of  the  country  was 
not  apparently  dreamed  of.  The  higher  class  of  re- 
ligious and  theological  reviews  that  are  published 
here,  are,  perhaps,  the  best  specimens  of  the  most 
enlarged  scholarship  and  severe  thinking  of  America, 
and  are  doing  much  to  educate  an  enlightened  and 


*  The  fullest  statistics  of  New  York  religion  that  we  can  obtain,  are  given 
in  the  excellent  Report  of  the  City  Mission  for  1866,  and  give  a  list  of  850 
churches,  chapels,  and  synagogues;  lYl  of  them  being  below  Fourteenth 
Street,  and  179  above  Fourteenth  Street.  The  list  of  clergy  resident  num- 
bers 537,  and  the  number  of  pastors  is  298:  being  of  Baptists  30,  Congre- 
gationalists  6,  Dutch  Reformed  21,  Lutheran  9,  Methodists  41,  Presbyte- 
rians 56,  EpiscopaUans  79,  Roman  Catholic  36,  Unitarian  3,  Miscellaneous 
14.  The  number  of  Roman  Catholic  pastors  is  understated,  by  naming  only 
one  in  connection  with  each  church ;  whereas  there  are  often  several.  The 
State  Census  of  1865  returns  258  churches  in  the  city,  valued  at  $12,859,500 ; 
with  other  real  estate,  to  the  amount  of  $8,477,800 ;  with  capacity  for  seating 
266,980  persons,  and  with  a  usual  attendance  of  161,403.  The  salaries  of  the 
clergy,  including  use  of  real  estate,  are  estimated  at  $504,400 — being  an  average 
of  $1,955  each. 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.         49 

truly  catholic  spirit  and  fellowship.  If  the  question 
is  asked,  in  view  of  all  these  means  of  education, 
what  kind  of  mind  is  trained  up  here,  or  what  are 
the  indications  of  our  New  York  intelligence,  it  may 
not  be  so  easy  to  say  in  full,  as  to  throw  out  a  hint 
or  two  by  way  of  suggestion.  There  is,  certainly, 
what  may  be  called  a  New  York  mind  and  character, 
and  there  must  be  from  the  very  nature  of  the  case. 
Some  characteristics  must  mark  each  community,  as 
the  results  of  birth  and  breeding ;  and  however  great 
the  variety  of  elements,  some  qualities  must  predomi- 
nate over  others  in  the  people,  as  in  the  climate  and 
fruits  of  a  country.  Where  two  tendencies  seem  to 
balance  each  other  for  a  time,  one  is  sure,  at  last,  to 
preponderate,  and  to  gain  value  and  power  with  time, 
and  win  new  elements  to  itself  It  is  not  hard  to 
indicate  the  essential  New  York  character  from  the 
beginning.  It  is  positive,  institutional,  large-hearted, 
genial,  taking  it  for  granted  that  all  men  are  not  of 
one  pattern,  and  that  we  are  to  live  by  allowing 
others  to  have  their  liberty  as  we  have  ours. 

Perhaps  we  make  the  portrait  more  distinct  by 
comparing  New  York  with  New  England ;  the  Knick- 
erbocker with  the  Yankee.  There  is  this  great  dif 
ference  in  their  ^antecedents.  The  old  New  Yorker 
began  with  his  European  national  and  church  life, 
and  was  Dutch  or  English  in  church  and  state, 
without  any  radical  non-conformity.  The  New  Eng- 
lander  began  with  separation,  and  whilst  bringing 
the  noblest  elements  of  European  character,  he  started 
as  a  dissenter  fi-om  church  and  state.  Hence  the 
obvious  and  remarkable  difference.  The  New  Yorker 

4 


50  NEW  YOEK 

rested  in  the  old  institutions,  and  still  rests  in  them, 
— in  the  Heidelberg  Catechism  and  Dutch  Church 
or  in  the  Prayer  Book  and  Anglican  Church  or 
Westminster  Confession  and  Presbyterian  Church; 
and,  moreover,  in  civil  matters,  he  trusts  more  in 
ancient  and  fixed  law,  than  in  radical  principles. 
The  New  Englander  was  busy  with  reconstructing 
society  and  religion,  according  to  his  own  convic- 
tions, and  so  became  subjective,  introversial,  and 
doctrinaire  ;  sometimes  to  such  a  degree  as  sadly  to 
puzzle  and  annoy  his  old  Dutch-English  neighbors, 
and  as  still  to  draw  from  their  representatives  here 
the  accusation  of  being  over-subjective,  opinionated, 
and  dictatorial,  if  not  over-fond  of  turning  the  world 
of  institutions  upside  down,  at  the  mercy  of  his 
remorseless  ideas.  One  other  difference  marks  the 
two  in  a  way  that  is  not  often  acknowledged,  and 
may  not  be  sufficiently  appreciated.  New  England 
at  first  seceded  not  only  from  old  England,  but  from 
old  Europe,  and  undertook  to  give  up  the  dominant 
Japhetic  or  Indo-European  idea  of  God  in  history, 
and  to  return  to  Shem  and  the  Law  of  Moses,  with 
the  idea  of  God  over  us  rather  than  with  us,  and  to 
reject  or  slight  the  European  Christian  year  and 
round  of  worship  that  is  based  upon  the  Incarna- 
tion. The  Puritan,  of  course,  believed  in  the  Gospel 
and  its  great  truths  of  Incarnation  and  Atonement ; 
but  he  made  the  expiatory  Atonement  and  its  sub- 
jective work  more  conspicuous,  and  was  suspicious 
of  the  old  church  habits  that  are  built  upon  the 
objective  Incarnation,  and  keep  the  Christmas  jubi- 
lee and  its  sequel.    He  was  distrustful  of  the  method 


IN   THE   NTNETEETTTH   CENTURY.  61 

of  nurture,  and  trusted  more  to  direct  conversion. 
The  New  Yorker,  whether  Dutch  or  English,  brought 
oyer  the  old  Christian  year  with  its  educational  dis- 
cipline, and  JSTew  York  still  keeps  the  habit,  and  is 
decidedly  a  Churchman's,  and  not  a  Puritan,  city. 
The  Dutch  retained  the  Christian  year  with  its  Pinx- 
ter  and  Paas  festivals,  and  great  was  the  wrath  of 
many  when  Dr.  Laidlie  denounced  their  old  church 
ways,  and  drove  scores  of  old  Dutch  families  into 
the  Episcopal  church  by  his  Puritanic  radicalism. 

The  two  churches  are,  indeed,  wonderfully  draw- 
ing near  each  other,  the  Puritan  and  the  Churchman, 
as  we  shall  see,  and  blending  the  calm  method  of 
church  nurture  with  the  Puritan  method  of  indi- 
vidual conversion ;  yet  these  distinctions  are  never- 
theless real,  and  are  essential  to  a  fair  study  of  our 
subject.  The  Puritan  has  made  up  for  the  narrow- 
ness of  his  Semitic  theism,  by  the  new  science  and 
insight  that  discern  God's  immanence  in  nature  and 
man ;  and  the  Churchman  has  quickened  his  objec- 
tive conservatism  by  a  large  infusion  of  Puritan  in- 
dependence, intuition,  and  fire.  In  this  and  in  other 
respects  the  elements  of  civilization  are  combining 
in  our  city,  and  are  giving  us  promise  of  the  imperial 
city  and  the  imperial  mind  that  shall  be.  Our  liter- 
ature shows  the  same  process,  and  whilst  all  types 
of  thought  and  styles  of  diction  here  centre,  the 
most  memorable  combination  is  that  of  Puritan  anal- 
ysis and  intuition  with  catholic  largeness  and  re- 
pose. Irving  weU  represents  the  calm,  cheerful,  old 
conservatism  from  his  Sunnyside  on  the  Hudson; 
and,  perhaps,  Hawthorne,  at  his  old  Puritan  manse 


52  NEW  YOEK 

on  Concord  Kiver,  is  his  contrast  in  introversial  in- 
sight and  mystical  fancy.  How  much  their  works 
are  read  here,  and  their  tempers  cross  and  modify 
each  other !  It  seemed  as  if  our  people  felt  the 
worth  and  also  the  large  affinities  of  their  idol,  by 
inviting  good  examples  of  Puritan  intellects  to  honor 
his  memory,  when  our  leading  Yankee  poet  and 
historian  were  called  to  pay  their  tributes  at  the 
obsequies  of  Irving.  Then  the  two  elements,  the 
actual  and  the  ideal,  met  together,  and  the  two  poles 
of  the  American  mind  were  in  unison.  Our  patriarch- 
poet  was  fitly  chosen  to  give  the  eulogy  over  those 
fathers  of  our  literature.  Cooper  and  Irving ;  and  the 
fact  and  the  occasion  brought  the  New  York  and  the 
New  England  miod  into  striking  contrast  and  also 
harmony.  I  may  name  him,  William  CuUen  Bryant, 
without  reserve  here  to-night,  since  age  and  absence 
from  the  country  lift  him  into  historical  dignity,  and 
I  may  characterize  him  as  the  noble  and  venerable 
exemplar  of  New  England  in  New  York — the  prophet 
of  Liberty  as  well  as  the  poet  of  Nature,  and  com- 
bining in  rare  union  the  old  Hebrew  reverence  with 
our  modern  largeness  and  freedom.  Well  may  the 
nation  honor  him  for  singing  so  grandly  the  Dirge 
of  Slavery,  and  at  the  same  time  protesting  against 
all  trespass  upon  the  constitutional  rights  of  our 
States  and  people,  and  all  wrong  to  trade  and  com- 
merce by  unjust  taxation  and  centralization.  All 
honor  to  our  poet  and  patriot  for  his  service  to  our 
liberty  and  our  law ! 

This  affinity  between  the  Puritan  and  Church- 
man mind,  or  between  the  New  England  subjective 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTUEY.         53 

scholasticism  and  the  New  York  Dutcli-Englisli  ob- 
jective institutionalism,  has  shown  itself  from  the 
beginning.  Jonathan  Edwards,  the  Plato,  as  Frank- 
lin was  the  Aristotle,  of  New  England  thought,  the 
first  metaphysical  mind  of  America,  undoubtedly  felt 
it,  when,  in  1722,  a  youth  under  nineteen,  he  came 
to  preach  to  a  little  knot  of  Presbyterians  in  a  hall 
in  William  Street ;  when  he  saw  the  face  of  God  very 
near  to  him,  as  he  mused  on  the  banks  of  the  Hud- 
son ;  and  when  a  ship  arrived,  "  his  soul  eagerly 
catched  at  any  news  favorable  to  the  interest  and 
advancement  of  Christ's  Kingdom."  He  much  wished 
to  stay  here,  and  undoubtedly  was  as  much  calmed 
by  the  wholesome  old-fashioned  repose  of  Dutch  and 
English  institutions  as  cheered  by  the  devotion  and 
kindness  of  the  people. 

How  far  assimilation  in  its  various  forms  of 
thought  and  life  is  to  go,  we  can  only  conjecture ; 
for  the  process  has  but  begun.  Our  community, 
like  every  other  community,  must  go  through  three 
stages  of  development  to  complete  its  Providential 
evolution :  aggregation,  accommodation,  and  assimila- 
tion. The  first  stage  is  aggregation,  and  that  comes 
of  course  with  the  fact  of  residence.  Here  we  are, 
about  a  million  of  us,  aggregated  on  this  healthy 
and  charming  island,  and  here  we  most  of  us  expect 
and  wish  to  stay.  We  are  seeking  our  next  stage, 
and  wish  accommodation  not  with  entire  success, 
and  the  city  is  distressed  by  prosperity,  and  is  like 
an  overgrown  boy,  whose  clothes  are  too  small  for  his 
limbs,  and  he  waits  in  half  nakedness  for  his  fitting 
garments.      In    some  respects,  the   city  itself  is   a 


54  NEW   YOEK 

majestic  organism,  and  we  have  light,  water,  streets, 
and  squares,  mucli  to  our  mind,  always  excepting 
the  dirfc.  The  scarcity  of  houses,  the  costs  of  rent, 
living,  and  taxation  are  grievous,  and  driving  a  large 
portion  of  our  middling  class  into  the  country.  Yet 
the  city  is  full  and  overflowing,  and  is  likely  to  be. 
The  work  of  assimilation  is  going  on,  and  every 
debate,  controversy,  and  party,  brings  the  various 
elements  together,  and  we  are  seeing  each  other 
whether  we  differ  or  agree.  Great  progress  has 
been  made  in  observing  and  appreciating  our  situa- 
tion and  population.  Probably  New  York  knows 
itself  better  to-day  than  at  any  time  since  its  im- 
perial proportions  began  to  appear.  In  politics, 
police,  philanthropy,  education,  and  religion,  we  are 
reckoning  our  classes,  numbers,  and  tendencies,  and 
feeling  our  way  towards  some  better  harmony  of 
ideas  and  interests.  The  whole  population  of  the 
city  was,  by  census  of  1860,  813,689;  and  by  the 
census  of  1865,  726,386.  The  voters  number  151,- 
838  ;  native,  51,500  ;  foreign,  77,475.  Over  twenty- 
one  years,  they  who  cannot  read  and  write  are  19,- 
199.  Families  number  148,683.  Total  of  foreigners 
by  census  of  1860,  was  383,717 ;  and  by  census  of 
1865,  313,417.  Number  of  women  by  census  of 
1865  was  36,000  more  than  of  men,  and  of  widows, 
over  32,000  ;  being  25,000  more  widows  than  widow- 
ers. The  Germans,  by  the  census  of  1860,  numbered 
119,984  ;  and  by  the  census  of  1865,  107,269.  This 
makes  this  city  not  the  third,  but  the  eighth  city  in 
the  world  as  to  German  population.  These  German 
cities  have  a  larger  population  :  Berlin,  Vienna,  Bres- 


m  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTUEY.         55 

lau,  Cologne,  Municli,  Hamburg,  and  Dresden  *  The 
Irish,  by  the  census  of  1860,  number  203,700 ;  and 
by  the  census  of  1865,  161,334.  New  York  now, 
we  believe,  has  a  million  of  residents,  and  either 
peculiar  difficulties  in  the  census  commission  of  1865, 
or  peculiar  influences  after  the  war,  led  to  the  ap- 
pearance of  diminished  population.  Certainly  we 
have,  of  late,  gained  numbers,  and  have  not  lost  in 
variety  of  elements  to  be  assimilated.  The  national 
diversities  are  not  hostile,  and  we  are  seeking  out 
their  best,  instead  of  their  worst,  qualities.  Italian 
art  and  French  accomplishment  we  can  appreciate 
without  forgetting  that  we  are  Americans.  We  are 
discerning  in  our  New  York  Germany,  something 
better  than  Lager  Beer  and  Sunday  Concerts,  and 
learning  to  appeal  to  the  sterling  sense  and  indom- 
itable love  of  liberty  of  the  countrymen  of  Luther 
and  Gutenberg.  The  Irish  among  us,  who  make 
this  the  second  if  not  the  first  Irish  city  of  the 
world,  and  who  contribute  so  largely  to  our  ignorant 
and  criminal  returns,  we  are  studying  anew,  and 
discerning  their  great  service  to  industry  and  their 
great  capacity  for  organization.  We  find  among 
them  good  specimens  of  the  blood  of  the  Clintons 
and  the  Emmets,  and  are  bound  to  acknowledge 
that  in  purity,  their  wives  and  daughters  may  be 
an  example  to  any  class  in  America  or  Europe.     Old 

*  Population  of  German  cities  by  the  last  census  (1864) :  Vienna,  5'78,525  ; 
Berlin,  609,733;  Breslau,  156,644;  Cologne,  117,000;  Munich,  165,054; 
Hamburg,  135,339.  The  population  of  Hamburg  is  from  the  census  of  1861  as 
that  city  does  not  belong  to  the  Zollverein,  and  did  not  come  into  the  ZoUverein 
census  of  1864.  See  Hlustrirter  Kalender,  Leipzig,  1867,  and  Handbuch  der 
Vergleichenden  Statistik,  von  G.  Fr.  Kolb,  Leipzig,  1865. 


56  NEW   YOEK 

Israel  is  with  us  too  in  force,  and  some  thirty  syna- 
gogues of  Jews  manifest  the  power  of  the  oldest 
organized  religion,  and  the  example  of  a  people  that 
cares  wholly  for  its  own  sick  and  poor ;  willing  to 
meet  Christians  as  friends  and  citizens,  and  learn  our 
religion  more  from  its  own  gospel  of  love,  than  from 
its  old  conclaves  of  persecution.  We  often  see  other 
types  of  the  Oriental  mind  in  our  streets  and  houses, 
and  it  will  be  well  for  us  when  Asia  is  here  repre- 
sented by  able  specimens  of  her  mystical  piety,  and 
we  learn  of  her  something  of  the  secret  of  her  repose 
in  God,  and  give  her  in  return  something  of  our  art 
of  bringing  the  will  of  God  to  bear  upon  this  stub- 
born earth,  instead  of  losing  sight  of  the  earth  in 
dreams  of  pantheistic  absorption.  In  many  ways  the 
various  elements  are  combining  to  shape  our  ideas 
and  society,  and  fill  out  the  measure  of  our  practical 
education. 

Yet,  probably,  the  most  important  assimilation, 
as  already  hinted,  is  that  which  is  going  on  here 
between  the  various  elements  of  our  American  life 
in  this  mother-city  which  is  destined,  apparently,  to 
be  to  America  what  Rome  was  to  the  tribes  that 
thronged  to  its  gates.  What  has  been  taking  place 
in  England  is  taking  place  here,  and  the  Independ« 
ents  and  Churchmen  are  coming  together  here  as 
in  England  since  the  Revolution  of  1688,  when  ex- 
tremes were  greatly  reduced,  and  the  independency 
of  Milton  and  Cromwell  began  to  reappear  in  com- 
bination with  the  church  ways  of  Clarendon  and 
Jeremy  Taylor.  The  most  significant  part  of  the 
process  is  the  union  here  of  Puritan  individualism 


IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.  57 

and  its  intuitive  thinking  and  bold  ideas,  with  New 
York  institutionalism,  and  its  organizing  method  and 
objective  mind.  The  Yankee  is  here,  and  means  to 
stay,  and  is  apparently  greatly  pleased  with  the  posi- 
tion and  reception,  and  enjoys  the  fixed  order  and 
established  paths  of  his  Knickerbocker  hosts.  It  is 
remarkable  that  whilst  ISTew  England  numbered  only 
some  20,000,  or  19,517  of  her  people  here,  which  is 
7,000  less  than  the  nations  of  Old  England  in  the 
city,  by  the  census  of  1860,  they  are  so  well  received 
and  effective,  and  fill  so  many  and  important  places 
in  business  and  the  professions.  By  the  census  of 
1865,  New  York  City  has  17,856  natives  of  New 
England,  and  19,699  natives  of  Old  England;  a 
balance  of  1,843  in  favor  of  Old  England.  Yet,  in 
the  State  at  large,  the  result  is  different,  for  the 
population  numbers  166,038  natives  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  95,666  natives  of  Old  England ;  a  balance 
of  70,372  in  favor  of  New  England.  It  is  curious 
to  note  that  the  city  had  only  825  native  Dutch  in 
1865,  and  the  State  4,254.  In  a  philosophical  point 
of  view,  it  is  memorable  that  the  Puritan  mind  is 
now  largely  in  power,  even  in  our  church  establish- 
ments that  so  depart  from  New  England  independ- 
ency, and  the  heading  Presbyterian  and  Episcopal 
preachers  and  scholars  are  largely  from  the  Puritan 
ranks.  Our  best  informed  scholar  in  the  philosophy 
of  religion,  who  holds  the  chair  of  theological  in- 
struction in  the  Presbyterian  Seminary,  is  a  New 
England  Congregationalist,  transplanted  to  New 
York.  Nay,  even  the  leading,  or  at  least  the  most 
conspicuous,   Eoman    Catholic   theologian   of   New 


58  NEW   YORK. 

York,  is  tlie  son  of  a  Connecticut  Congregationalist 
minister,  and  carries  the  lineal  blood  and  mental 
habit  of  his  ancestor,  Jonathan  Edwards,  into  the 
illustration  and  defence  of  the  Roman  creed.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  our  most  philosophical  historian 
is  the  son  of  a  Massachusetts  Congregational  min- 
ister, and  a  lover  of  the  old  scholastic  thinking,  and 
a  champion  of  the  ideal  school  of  Edwards  and 
Channing  in  its  faith  and  independency ;  author,  too, 
€>f  perhaps  the  most  bold  and  characteristic  word  of 
America  to  Europe,  the  oration  of  February  22, 1866, 
that  was  the  answer  of  our  new  world  to  British 
Toryism,  and  Romish  Obscurantism,  whether  to  the 
Premier's  mock  neutral  manifesto,  or  the  Pope's  En- 
cyclical Letter.  Some  of  the  Puritans  who  keep  their 
independency,  catch  the  New  York  organizing  pas- 
sion; and  Congregationalism,  which,  after  making  four 
unsuccessful  attempts  to  win  a  footing,  at  last  found 
it  in  1819,  has  given  to  the  city  a  body  of  clergy 
who  understand  the  power  of  institutions  as  well  as 
ideas.  The  pastor  of  the  Tabernacle  has  written  his 
name  upon  the  roll  of  our  patriotic  leaders;  and 
the  pastor  of  All  Souls,  the  First  Congregational 
Church  in  New  York,  has  led  the  grandest  of  our 
national  charities,  and  written  a  chapter  of  humanity, 
that,  in  its  way,  has  never  been  surpassed  if  equalled 
on  earth,  in  the  Sanitary  Commission.  On  all  sides 
New  England  independency  works  into  the  large 
organic  methods  of  this  metropolis  and  State.  Large, 
indeed,  is  the  hospitality  that  has  been  shown  to 
us  New  Englanders  in  this  city  of  our  adoption, 
alike  to  our  thought  and  our  people.     The  press 


IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTUEY.         59 

and  the  parlor  liave  been  alike  generous,  and  we 
can  ask  no  fairer  treatment  for  our  literature  tlian 
has  been  given  our  authors  in  the  admirable  Cyclo- 
pedia of  American  Literature  by  our  fellow-members 
of  the  Society — ^the  brothers  Duyckinck — one  of  whom 
we  greet  here  cordially,  and  the  other  we  tenderly 
remember,  to-night. 

It  is  not  amiss  to  remember  that  of  the  125 
delegates  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1846, 
forty  members  were  natives  of  New  England,  or 
nearly  one  third  of  the  whole  number — a  fact  quite 
remarkable,  when  we  consider  that  in  this  State 
the  New  Englanders  are  but  about  a  twentieth  part 
of  the  population.  A  distinguished  and  truly  hon- 
ored historian  of  Massachusetts  once,  in  the  heat  of 
party  strife,  called  New  York  State  a  "  soulless 
giant,  whose  honorable  history  is  yet  to  be  written." 
Without  rehearsing  the  noble  deeds  of  New  York 
of  old  and  of  late,  we  trust  that  our  excellent  friend 
will  remember  that  a  great  deal  of  New  England 
soul  has  lived  in  New  York,  and  that* the  com- 
munity cannot  be  soulless  that  has  harbored  and 
honored  such  men  as  Rufus  King,  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral Osgood,  Judge  Peck,  Henry  Wheaton,  Silas 
Wright,  Jonathan  M.  Wainwright,  and  William 
Ware,  and  hosts  of  other  New  England  men.  The 
honorable  history  of  New  York  has  not  indeed  been 
written ;  not  because  the  topic  is  not  honorable,  but 
because  it  has  not  been  fully,  except  in  its  early 
periods,  written  at  all.  Honor  to  old  Massachusetts, 
who  still  keeps  with  New  York  the  palm  once  shared 
with  Virginia,  that  third  of  our  three  oldest  States. 


60  NEW   YORK 

But  liow  much  harder  the  problem  to  solve  here 
than  there — New  York  here,  with  great  nations  pour- 
ing their  immigrant  hosts  into  her  domain,  whether 
to  stay  in  her  great  city,  where  eighty  dialects  are 
said  to  be  spoken,  or  make  their  way  westward  over 
her  roads  and  canals — and  Massachusetts  there,  with 
little  comparative  interruption  of  her  old  work  of 
labor  and  education,  and  in  comparative  quiet  and 
seclusion  with  her  own  sons  and  daughters  about 
her.  Massachusetts  and  New  York !  I  name  them 
gratefully  and  lovingly  here  to-night,  and  he  is  no 
true  American  who  denies  their  foremost  place 
among  the  architects  of  our  Liberty  and  our  Union. 
Virginia  I  would  gladly  name  too  with  her  ancient 
sisters,  and  God  grant  that  some  future  orator  here 
may  be  able  in  truth  to  note  her  new  greatness,  and 
restore  her  lost  name.  In  1800  she  led  New  York 
in  population  by  nearly  300,000,  and  in  1860  fell 
behind  her  about  2,300,000,  and  Pennsylvania  suc- 
ceeds to  her  honors,  and  approaches,  but  does  not 
reach,  the  greatness  of  the  Empire  State.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  greet  the  State  of  George  Washington 
on  the  same  platform  of  liberty  as  the  State  of 
William  Penn,  and  so  renew  the  old  fellowship 
with  fresh  hope. 

But  why  set  any  limit  to  our  affinities,  and  not 
rather  rejoice  in  the  boundless  fellowship  of  State 
with  State,  faith  with  faith,  and  nation  with  nation 
here  opened?  Here  we  may,  if  we  will,  find  and 
meet  on  generous  terms  leading  minds  of  every  type 
and  culture ;  and  we  ought  to  have  a  large  human- 
ity, an  imperial  conscience,  purpose,  and  sympathy, 


IN  THE   NESTETEENTH   CENTUEY.  61 

worthy  of  our  great  liberty  and  opportunity.  Here 
we  may  not  only  find  the  scattered  truths  that  have 
been,  to  use  Milton's  figure,  torn  asunder  like  the 
mangled  body  of  the  fabled  Osiris ;  but  we  ought 
to  have  what  is  better  than  abstract  truth,  the 
broken  limbs  of  our  great  and  glorious  manhood 
here  brought  together,  and  in  fellowship  with  the 
wise  and  good  of  every  name  and  race,  we  should 
discern  the  true  body  of  our  completed  humanity, 
in  a  catholic  largeness  that  will  not  yield  the  palm 
to  Paris  or  London,  nor  need  to  learn  imperial 
breadth  from  Rome  or  Russia.  Here  already,  in  its 
best  hours,  our  New  York  has  glimpses  of  the  true 
human  fellowship,  which  is  the  organized  liberty  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  We  need  some  effective 
centre  of  public  fellowship,  where  all  elements  of 
generous  thought  and  life  meet  together,  and  bring 
the  present  and  the  past  together  in  love  and  honor. 
Where  should  we  find  it  but  here,  where  sects  and 
parties  are  ignored,  and  we  meet  as  citizens  and 
men? 

It  is  the  province  of  the  New  York  Historical 
Society  to  keep  up  the  connection  of  the  New  York 
of  the  past  with  the  New  York  of  to-day,  and  zeal- 
ously to  guard  and  interpret  all  the  historical  mate- 
rials that  preserve  the  continuity  of  our  public  life. 
It  is  to  be  lamented  that  so  little  remains  around 
us  to  keep  alive  the  memory  of  the  ancient  time; 
and  everything  almost  that  we  see  is  the  work  of 
the  new  days.  Sad  it  is  that  all  the  old  neighbor- 
hoods are  broken  up,  and  the  old  houses  and  churches 
are  mostly  swept  away  by  our  new  prosperity.     But 


62  UTEW  YORK 

how  impressive  are  our  few  landmarks!  We  all 
could  join  in  tlie  Centennial  Jubilee  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  wish  well  to  its  opening  future.  So,  too,  we 
can  greet  our  neighbors  of  the  John  Street  Church 
in  their  Centennial,  and  thank  God  for  the  hundred 
years  of  New  York  Methodism.  Who  of  us  can 
pass  without  reflection  by  the  old  Middle  Dutch 
Church,  now  our  Post- Office,  in  Nassau  Street,  and 
without  recalling  the  years  and  events  that  have 
passed  since  1729,  when  it  was  opened  for  worship 
in  the  Dutch  tongue?  In  March,  1764, the  preaching 
there  was,  for  the  first  time,  in  English,  and  in 
August,  1844,  Dr.  De  Witt  gave  an  outline  of  its 
history,  and  pronounced  the  benediction  in  Dutch  • 
and  that  old  shrine  of  the  Knickerbockers  is  now 
the  busy  brain  of  the  nation  and  the  world,  and 
receives  and  transmits  some  forty  tons  of  thought 
a  day.  What  would  one  of  those  old  Kip  Van 
Winkles  of  1729  have  thought,  if  he  could  have 
prolonged  his  Sunday  afternoon  nap  in  one  of  those 
ancient  pews  till  now,  and  awoke  to  watch  the  day's 
mail,  with  news  by  the  last  steamers  and  the  Atlantic 
cable  for  all  parts  of  the  great  continent !  Our 
Broadway,  ever  changing,  and  yet  the  same  old 
road,  is  perhaps  our  great  historical  monument,  and 
the  historical  street  of  America  by  eminence.  All 
the  men  of  our  history  have  walked  there,  and  all 
nations  and  tribes  have  trodden  its  stones  and  dust. 
In  our  day  what  have  we  seen  there — what  proces- 
sions, armies,  pageants !  What  work  would  be  more 
an  American  as  well  as  New  York  history,  than 
Broadway  described  and  illustrated  with  text  and 


IN   THE   NINIETEENTH   CENTURY.  63 

portraits,  from  the  times  when  Stuyvesant  astonished 
the  Dutch  with  his  dignity  to  the  years  that  have 
brought  the  hearse  of  our  murdered  President  and 
the  carriage  of  his  successor  along  its  stately  avenue  ? 
Thank  heaven  for  old  Broadway — noble  type  of 
American  civilization — from  the  Battery  to  Harlem 
Eiver  !  and  may  the  ways  of  the  city  be  as  straight 
as  the  lines  of  its  direction,  and  as  true  to  the  march 
of  the  Providence  of  God  ! 

But  is  not  our  Society  itself  an  historical  monu- 
ment, and  does  not  the  past  combine  with  the 
present  and  future  in  our  records  and  collections  ? 
This  Sixty-second  Anniversary  revives  the  whole 
history  of  our  Society  since  180 4.  These  busts  recall 
the  faces  of  Hamilton  and  Jay,  George  and  De  Witt 
Clinton, — and  you,  Mr.  President,  are  not  alone  in 
your  office,  and  we  can  almost  hear  the  voice  of 
Luther  Bradish,  and  see  the  forms  of  your  noted 
predecessors,  Egbert  Benson,  Gouverneur  Morris,  Dr. 
Hosack,  De  Witt  Clinton,  James  Kent,  and  Albert 
Gallatin,  with  you  as  you  occupy  your  chair  to-night. 
One  aged  member  is  here,  whose  life  bridges  over 
the  chasm,  and  in  him  old  New  York  and  young 
are  one  before  us  now.  He  was  born  in  1786,  when 
the  city  had  but  23,000  inhabitants,  and  now  he 
presides  over  the  bureau  of  immigration,  that  some- 
times receives  that  number  in  a  month,  and  averages 
16,000  or  17,000  monthly,  or  200,000  a  year.  Stout 
specimen  of  a  living  man — we  will  not  say  venerable 
relic  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  contemporary  of 
Hamilton  and  Jay,  Morris,  Livingston,  and  the  Clin- 
tons;  friend  of  Paulding,  Irving,  and  Cooper;   re- 


64    NEW  YORK  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

presentative  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the  nine- 
teenth; embodiment  of  the  Dutch,  English,  and  Amer- 
ican times ;  master  of  our  earliest  literature  and  our  last 
— Gulian  Crommelin  Verplanck !  we,  who  are  young 
New  York,  this  goodly  company  of  staunch  men  and 
fair  women,  a  thousand  strong,  with  a  million  behind 
us,  we  salute  old  New  York  in  you  to-night,  and 
implore  the  blessing  of  God  upon  your  venerable 
head.  Heaven  grant  that  the  new  generation  may 
be  able  to  transmit  some  such  specimens  of  the 
sound  mind  in  the  sound  body  as  yours ! 

What  the  orator  who  ushers  in  the  twentieth 
century  here,  or  who  celebrates  your  One  Hundredth 
Anniversary,  may  have  to  say  as  he  reviews  the 
nineteenth  century,  as  Dr.  Miller  reviewed  the  eight- 
eenth, I  will  not  undertake  to  say.  What  we 
should  wish  and  pray  for  is  clear.  Clear  that  we 
should  wish  the  new  times  to  keep  the  wisdom  and 
virtue  of  the  old  with  all  the  new  light  and  pro- 
gress; clear  that  after  our  trying  change  from  the 
old  quarters  to  the  new,  we  may  build  a  nobler 
civilization  on  the  new  base,  and  so  see  better  days 
than  ever  before ;  that  the  great  city  that  shall  be 
here,  should  be  not  only  made  up  of  many  men,  but 
of  true  manhood,  and  be  not  only  the  capital  of  the 
world,  but  the  city  of  God ;  its  great  Park,  the  cen- 
tral ground  of  noble  fellowship ;  its  great  wharves  and 
markets,  the  seat  of  honorable  industry  and  com- 
merce ;  its  public  halls,  the  headquarters  of  free  and 
orderly  Americans ;  its  churches,  the  shrines  of  the 
blessed  faith  and  love  that  join  man  with  man,  and 
give  open  communion  with  God  and  heaven. 


APPENDIX 


The  anthor  has  endeavored  to  gather  all  important  information  as 
to  the  present  condition  and  prospects  of  the  city,  and  is  grateful  to  the 
many  citizens  and  friends  who  have  given  him  assistance  in  the  effort. 
To  meet  the  express  wishes  of  judicious  advisers,  and  to  give  more  per- 
manent historical  value  to  the  publication,  he  is  induced  to  present  in 
this  Appendix  the  most  important  statistics  in  his  possesion  as  to  the 
wealth  and  population,  health,  crime,  charities  and  corrections,  and  edu- 
cation of  the  city. 

I. 

THE    POPULATION    AND    WEALTH    OF    KEW    YORK. 


CENSUS     OF     THE 

1§60. 

OITY. 

WABDS. 

POPULATION. 

DWELLINGS. 

FAMILIES. 

First 

18,120 

2,507 
3,757 
21,994 
22,341 
26,698 
40,006 
39,722 
44,386 
29,051 
59,963 
30,647 
32,917 
28,087 
27,588 
45,182 
72,775 
57,464 
32,841 
67,554 
49,025 
61,749 

778 
202 
407 
1,015 
1,260 
1,386 
2,358 
2,756 
3,792 
2,045 
2,743 
3.296 
i;829 
1,490 
2,781 
3,412 
3,592 
3,685 
2,950 
4,307 
4,226 
4,029 

3,184 

Second  

353 

Third 

615 

Fourth 

3,631 

Fifth 

5,192 

Sixth 

Seventh  

5,300 
7,354 

Eighth  

8,110 

Ninth 

8,586 

Tenth 

6,282 

Eleventh 

13,054 

Twelfth 

4,881 

Thirteenth '. 

7,312 

Fourteenth 

5,969 

Fifteenth 

4,216 

Sixteenth 

3,364 

Seventeenth 

15,837 

Eighteenth 

9,928 

Nineteenth 

5,463 

Twentieth 

13,956 

Twenty-first 

8,621 

Twenty-second 

11,099 

Total 

814,254 

54,338 

155,707 

5 

66 


APPENDIX. 


POPULATION"    or    THE    CITY    AT    VAKIOUS    PEPvIODS. 


1656 1,000 

1673 2,500 

1696 4,302 

1731 8,628 

1756 10,381 

1773 21,876 

1786 23,614 

1790 33,131 

1800 60,489 

1810 96,373 


1820 123,706 

1825 166,089 

1830 202,589 

1835 270,068 

1840 312,852 

1845 371,223 

1850 515,394 

1855 629,810 

1860 814,254 


The  falling  off  of  the  population,  according  to  the  State  Census  of 
1865,  is  ascribed  to  various  causes,  such  as  the  alarms  and  disasters  of 
the  war,  and  the  reluctance  of  many  persons  to  have  their  names  known, 
in  fear  of  military  conscription.  It  is  certain  that  the  city  has  more 
inhabitants  now  than  ever,  and  there  is  no  vacant  house  on  the  island. 


WEALTH    OF   NEW    YORK. 

Statement  of  Valuation  of  Property  in  the  City  and  County  of  New 
Yorh,  from  1805  to  1825,  hoth  inclusive. 


TOTAL  OP  CITY 

DATE. 

VALUATION, 

COUNTY  TAX. 

STATE  TAX. 

AND 
STATE  TAX. 

OTS.  D0L8. 

1805 

$25,645,867 
26,529,630 

$127,094  87 
127.814  97 

50  per  1 - 

1806.. 

481  ' 

1807.. 

24,959,955 
25,118,720 
24,782,267 
25,486,370 
26,045,730 
26,240,040 
27,650,230 
28,091,497 
81,636,042 

129,155  09 
138,984  18 
139,027  39 
129,727  15 
176,978  25 
174,920  17 

59,"  ' 

1808.. 

55   * 

1809 

56   ' 

1810.. 

51   ' 

1811 

68   * 

1812.. 

67   ' 

1813.. 

174,727  94 
214,225  09 

63   * 

1814. . 

26   ' 

1815.. 

197,613  38 

$163,372  08 

$361,285  46 

41i  ' 

1816.. 

82,074,200 

180,653  9i 

164,148  50 

344,802  54 

42   ' 

1817.. 

78,895,735 

216,720  44 

157,591  27 

374,311  71 

47   ' 

1818.. 

80,254,091 

255,740  70 

80,254  09 

335,994  88 

42   * 

1819.. 

79,113,061 

250,140  21 

79,113  61 

329,453  82 

411  ^ 

1820.. 

69,530,753 

270,361  19 

69,530  75 

339,891  94 

49   ' 

1821.. 

67,286,070 

299,430  30 

68,285  07 

367,215  37 

491  * 
52 1  ' 

1822.. 

71,285,141 

303,105  61 

71,289  14 

374,397  75 

1823.. 

70,940,820 

351,814  36 

70,940  80 

422,755  16 

59',  ' 

1824. . 

83,075,676 

353,329  89 

41,537  84 

394,857  73 

471  ' 

1825.. 

101,160,046 

336,868  82 

50,580  03 

387,448  85 

38i-  ' 

The  debt  of  the  city,  December  31,  1865,  was  $33,326,524  50. 


APPENDIX. 


67 


Statement  of  the  Valiie  of  Heal  and  Personal  Estate  in  the  City  and 
County  of  New  Yorlc^  with  the  amount  raised  hy  Taac^from  the  year 
1826  to  1866,  hath  in^lu^ive. 


VALTTB  OF 

VALTTE  OF  PEB- 

TOTAL  VALUE 

AMOUNT 

BKAL  ESTATE. 

80NAL  ESTATE, 

AND  PEK80NAL. 

EAI8ED  BY  TAX. 

1826 

$64,804,050 

$72,434,981 

$107,238,931 

$383,759  89 

1827 

72,617,770 

49,549,156 

112,311,926 

437,692  02 

1828...... 

77,138,880 

33,879,653 

114,019,533 

485,751  72 

1829 

76,130.430 

35,672,636 

111,803,066 

507,107  24 

1830 

87,603,580 

37,684,938 

125,288,518 

509,178  44 

1831 

95,594,335 

31,966,194 

137,560,259 

572,104  05 

1832 

104,160,605 

40,741,723 

144,902,328 

665,385  74 

1833 

114,124,566 

42,366,976 

166,491,542 

971,854  64 

1834 

123,249,280 

53.299,231 

186,548,511 

835,605  49 

1835 

143,742,425 

64.991,278 

218,723,708 

965,602  94 

1836 

233,732,303 

75,758,617 

309,500,020 

1,085,130  44 

1837 

196,450,109 

67,297,241 

263,747,350 

1,244,972  15 

1838 

104,543,359 

69,609,582 

264,152,941 

1,486,993  73 

1839 

196,940,134 

73,920,885 

270,869,019 

1,352,826  51 

1840. 

187,221,714 

65,011,801 

252,233,615 

1,354,835  29 

1841 

186,359,948 

64,843,972 

251,194,920 

1,394,136  65 

1842 

176,513,092 

61,292,559 

237,805,651 

2,031,382  66 

1843 

164,955,314 

64,274,765 

229,229,079 

1,747,516  59 

1844 

171,937,591 

64,789,552 

236,727,143 

1,988,118  56 

1845 

177,207,990 

62,787,527 

239,995,517 

2,096,191  18 

1846 

181,480,534 

61,471,470 

244,952,004 

2,526,146  71 

1847 

187,315,386 

59,837,913 

247,153,299 

2,581,776  30 

1848 

193,029,076 

61.164,447 

254,163,523 

2,715,510  25 

1849 

197,741,919 

58,455,224 

256,197,143 

3,005,762  52 

1850 

207,142,576 

78,919,240 

286,061,816 

3,230,085  02 

1851 

227,015,856 

93,095,001 

320,110,857 

2,924,455  94 

1852 

253,278,384 

98,490,042 

351,768,426 

3,380,511  00 

1853 

294,637,296 

118,994,137 

413,631,382 

5,066,698  74 

1854 

330,300,396 

131,721,338 

462,021,734 

4,845,386  07 

1855 

336,975,866 

150,022,312 

486,998,278 

5,843,822  89 

1856 

340,972,098 

170.744,393 

511,740,491 

7,075,425  72 

1857 

352,958,803 

168,216,449 

521,175,252 

8,111,758  09 

1858 

368,346,296 

162,847,994 

531,194,290 

8,621,091  31 

1859 

378,954,930 

172,968,192 

551,923,122 

9,860,926  09 

1860 

398,533,619 

178,697,637 

577,230,956 

9,758,507  86 

1861 

406,955,665 

174,624,306 

581,579,971 

11,627,632  28 

1862 

399,551,314 

172,416,031 

571,967,345 

9,906,271  10 

1863 

402,196,652 

192,000,161 

594,196,813 

11,556,672  18 

1864 

410,695,485 

223,920,405 

634,'515,890 

13,705,092  86 

1865 

427,368,864 

181,423,471 

60a,  792,335 

18,202,857  56 

1866 

478,993,084 

257,994,974 

736,988,058 

16,950,767  88 

68 


APPENDIX. 


COMMERCE    OF    NEW    YORK. 
{From  the  Report  of  the  Chamher  of  Commerce.) 

TONNAGE   OF   THE   POET   OF  NEW   TOEK  AND   OF   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Statement  exhibiting  the  registered^  enrolled^  and  licensed  Tonnage  he- 
longing  to  the  Port  of  New  YorTc^  for  each  year^  from  1857  to  June 
30,  1865,  inclmive.    {Official.) 


Eegisteeed. 
Tons.  2bths. 

1857 802,356  . .  10  . 

1858 840,449  . .  08  . 

1859 844,432  . .  24  . 

1860 838,449  . .  51  . 

1861 912,942  . .  79  . 

1862 921,983  . .  03  . 

1863 846,445  . .  79  . 

1864 723,812  . .  49  . 

1865 471,473  . .  00  . 

"  new  meas..  192,545  ..  69  . 


Eneolled 

AND 

Licensed. 

Total. 

Tons. 

^bths. 

Tons. 

9bths. 

.    575,068    . 

.  51 

..   1,377,424  , 

..   61 

.  592,256  . 

.  33 

..   1,432,705 

..  41 

.   599,928  . 

.  44  , 

. .   1,444,360  , 

..  68 

.   625,551  . 

.   47 

..   1,464,001 

..  03 

.  626,412  . 

.  44 

. .  1,539,355 

..  28 

.   645,232   . 

.  67 

..  1,567,215 

..  60 

.  777,554  . 

.  24 

. .   1,624,000 

..  08 

.  931,157  . 

.  85  , 

. .   1,654,970 

..  39 

.  751,791  . 

.  50 

..  1,223,264 

..  50 

.  200,786  . 

.  85 

..      393,332 

..  54 

Statement  exhihiting  the  tonnage  of  American  and  Foreign  Vessels  en- 
tered and  cleared  from  the  several  districts  of  the  State  of  New 
YorJc^  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1865.     {Official.) 

Entered.  Cleared. 

, — ^        —  — V        / *•      '  \ 

American    Foreign  American    Foreign 

Districts.                   Vessels.       Vessels.       Total.  Vessels.       Vessels.     Total. 

Tons.        Tons.         Toub.  Tons.         Tons.        Tons. 

Genesee 27,540         92,016       119,556  76,682         92,197       168,879 

Oswego 213,858       222,694       436,552  186,265       221,299       407,564 

Niagara 56,378         49,698       106,076  932        49,683         50,615 

Buffalo  Creek 372,032         88,964       460,996  375,666         86,497       462,163 

Oswegatchie 33,665        33,665  ....           33,625         33,625 

Champlain 54,306         48,735       103,041  54,727         40,534         95,261 

Cape  Vincent, 144,994         95,601       240,595  144,145         93,189       237,334 

Dunkirk 571          1,305          1,876  232          1,305          1,537 

SagHaxbor 614          ....               614 

New  York 774,136    1,301,341    2,075,477  629,186    1,473,729    2,102,915 

Total  State  of  New  York.  1,643,815    1,934,019    3,577,834  1,468,449    2,092,058    3,560,507 

Other  States 1,299,846    1,282,948    2,582,794  1,556,685    1,503,065    3,059,750 

Total  United  States 2,943,661    3,216,967    6,160,628  3,025,184    3,595,123    6,620,257 


APPENDIX. 


69 


ARRIVALS    OF    SHIPPING    AT    NEW    YORK    IN    1865. 

FEOM  FOREIGN  POETS. 


Steamers. 
454 


Ships. 

479 


Barks. 


Brigs. 

1,635 


Schooners, 

1,070 


COASTWISE. 
Barks. 

144  299 

Total,  foreign  ports 4,662 

"     coastwise 7,972 


steamers. 

1,604 


Ships. 

85 


Schooners. 

5,840 


Grand  total  for  1865 12,634 

Whole  number,  1864 12,825 


Decrease. 


AREIVAL8  DTJEING  PEEVIOTJS  TEAES. 


Foreign, 
ail  Classes. 

1865 4,662 

1864 4,841 

1863 ..  5,173 

1862 5,487 

1861 5,122 

1860 4,451 

1859 4,027 

1858 3,483 

1857 3,902 

1856 3,869 


191 


Coasticise, 
all  Classes. 

7,972 
7,984 
7,937 
7,148 
6,977 
8,445 
7,809 
7,243 
6,097 
6,109 


COMMERCE    OF    NEW    YORK   FOR   THE    YEAR    1865. 

IMPOETS  AND  EXPOETS  OF  THE  POET  OF  NEW  YOEK  FOE  THE  YEAE  1865. 

The  following  statistics  of  the  commerce  of  the  port  of  New  York 
for  the  year  1865,  showing  the  imports  and  exports  classified,  with  a 
comparison  with  previous  years,  have  been  compiled  from  the  official 
returns  at  the  Custom  House : 

FOREIGN   IMPORTS   AT   NEW   YOEK. 

1§62.     1863.     1S64.     1S65. 

Dry-CK)od8 $56,121,227     ..     $67,274,547     ..     $71,589,752    ..    $91,965,138 

General  Merchandise.....     117,140,813     ..     118,814,219     ..     144,270,386    ..     130,654,000 
Specie 1,390,277     ..        1,525,811    ..        2,265,622     ..        2,123,281 

Total  imports $174,652,317     ..  $187,614,577     ..  $218,125,760     ..  $224,742,419 


YO  APPENDIX. 

It  appears  from  this  statement  that  the  total  for  the  year  exceeds  the 
total  of  any  year  since  the  war,  because  of  the  very  heavy  dry-goods 
imports  last  year.  Our  imports  of  cotton  alone  have  decreased  about 
six  millions.  We  now  give,  for  comparison,  the  previous  years  since 
1851,  classifying  them  into  dutiable,  free,  and  specie.  Under  the  head 
of  dutiable  is  included  both  the  value  entered  for  consumption  and  that 
entered  for  warehousing.  The  free  goods  run  very  light,  as  nearly  all 
the  imports  now  are  dutiable. 


FOEEIGN  IMPOETS   AT  NEW   TOEK. 

Dutiable.  Free  Goods.  Specie.  Total. 

1851 $119,592,264  ..  $9,719,771  ..  $2,049,543  ..  $131,361,578 

1852 115,336,052  . .  12,105,342  . .  2,408,225  . .  129,849,619 

1853 179,512,412  . .  12,156,387  . .  2,429,083   . .  194,097,882 

1854 163,494,984  ..  15,768,916  ..  2,107,572   .,  181,371,472 

1855 142,»00,661  ..  14,103,946  ..  855,631   ..  157,860,238 

1856 193,839,646  . .  17,902,578  . .  1,814,425   . .  213,556,649 

1857 196,279,362  ..  21,440,734  ..  12,898,033   ..  230,618,129 

1858 128,578,256  . .  22,024,691  . .  2,264,120  . .  152,867,067 

1859  ....  213,640,363  . .  28,708,732  . .  2,816,421   . .  245,165,516 

1860 201,401,683  ..  28,006,447  ..  8,852,330  ..  238,260,460 

1861 95,326,459  . .  30,353,918  . .  37,088,413   . .  162,768,790 

1862.....  149,970,415  .  23,291,625  ..  1,390,277  ..  174,652,317 

1863 174,521,766  ..  11,567,000  ..  1,525,811   ..  187,614,577 

1864 204,128,236  ..  11,731,902  ..  2,265,622  ..  218,125,760 

1865 212,208,301  . .  10,410,887  . .  2,123,281   . .  224,742,419 


IMPOETS    OF   DRY-GOODS    AT  THE    PORT  OF  NEW   YORK 
FOR    THE    YEAR    1865. 

Ifiscel-  Total 

Wool.  Cotton.  SilJc.  Flax.  laneous.  Value. 

1865 36,074,585  ..  15,350,064  ..  20,656,261  ..  15,402,602  ..  4,581,626  ..  91,965,138 

The  following  statement  shows  the  receipts  for  duties  for  the  last  four 
years : 

EEOEIPTS   FOE   CUSTOMS   AT  NEW   TOEK. 

1S62.         1§63.  1864.        1§65. 

$52,254,116  72  ..  $58,886,054  42  ..  66,937,127  71  ..  $101,772,905  94. 

The  annexed  detailed  statement  shows  the  exports  of  domestic  pro- 
duce, and  specie  and  bullion,  during  each  month  of  the  last  four  years : 


APPENDIX. 


71 


EXPORTS   OF  DOMESTIC   PEODTJOE. 

1862.  1S63.  1§64.  1§65. 

$149,179,691     ..     $164,249,177       .     $201,855,989     ..     $174,247,454 


1862. 

$59,437,021 


EXPORTS  OF  SPECIE  AND  BULLION. 


1863. 

$49,754,066 


1864. 

$50,825,621 


1865. 

$30,003,683 


TOTAL  EXPORTS. 


1862.  1863.  1864.  1865. 

$216,371,843     ..     $220,465,034     ..     $272,648,163     ..     $208,630,282 


BANKINGS    IlSr    NE^^T    YORK. 


THE    NEW    YOKK    CLEARING    HOUSE. 


OPERATIONS    OF    THE    TEAR    1865-1866. — AGGREGATE    OPERATIONS    OF    THE 
THIRTEEN    TEARS,    1853-1866. 

This  institution  has  been  organized  thirteen  years,  during  which  time 
its  aggregate  transactions  have  amounted  to  $158,070,344,871.33. 

Its  transactions  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  1,  1866,  were  $29,783,282,- 
020.44,  being  in  excess  of  the  year  ending  Oct.  1,  1865,  $2,715,132,- 
570.86 ;  $4,800,366,159.59  greater  than  the  year  ending  Oct.  1,  1864, 
and  $17,624,024,722.65  more  than  the  average  for  thirteen  years. 

The  association  numbers  fifty-seven  banks,  with  a  capital  of  $81,- 
777,000.  Of  this  number,  nine  are  organized  under  the  banking  laws  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  remainder  (forty-nine)  under  the 
National  Banking  Law. 

At  the  time  of  its  organization,  fifty-two  banks  composed  the  asso- 
ciation, with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $49,103,362;  $32,666,638  less  than 
its  present  capital. 

The  first  weekly  statement  published  by  the  associated  banks  was 
on  October  15,  1853,  and  was  as  follows : 

Capital,  $49,108,362;  Loans  and  Discounts,  $87,837,273;  Speciey 
^11,330,172  ;   Circulation  and  Net  Deposits,  $46,900,212. 


12 


APPENDIX. 


The  statement  on  October  13,  1866,  was : 

Capital,  $81,770,000;  Loam  and  Discounts,  $276,443,219;  Specie 
and  Legal  Tenders,  $88,756,424 ;  Circulation  and  Net  Deposits, 
$257,035,895. 

The  percentage  of  specie  to  net  liabilities  on  October  15,  1853,  was 
24.16  per  cent.  The  percentage  of  specie  and  legal  tenders,  October  13, 
1866,  was  34.53  per  cent. 

The  circulation  of  the  banks  of  the  association,  previous  to  the 
passage  of  the  "  National  Currency  Act,"  averaged  about  $8,000,000. 
The  smallest  amount  of  circulation  reported  in  the  weekly  statement 
was  $2,720,666,  on  March  4,  1865. 

The  largest  amount  was  in  the  last  statement,  October  15, 1866,  viz., 
$28,940,538,  an  increase  of  $26,219,872  in  nineteen  months. 

The  following  banks  are  the  only  ones  in  the  city  that  are  not  mem- 
bers of  the  association : 


1.  Dry  Dock  Bank. 

2.  Bull's  Head  Bank. 

3.  New  York  County  Nat.  Bank. 

4.  Fiftli  National  Bank. 

5.  Sixth  National  Bank. 

6.  Eighth  National  Bank. 


7.  Manufacturers'  National  Bank. 

8.  American  National  Bank. 

9.  Croton  National  Bank. 

10.  Bowery  National  Bank. 

11.  National  Currency  Bank. 

12.  Wooster  Sherman  Bank. 


Aggregate  operations  for  thirteen  years — October,  1853,  to  October, 
1866.  I. — The  aggregate  exchanges.  II.— The  aggregate  cash  balances. 
III. — The  average  daily  exchanges. 

Exchanges.  Cash  Balances  Paid. 

Oct.,  1853  to  Oct.,  1866. .  $151,290,183,640  51  . .  $6,780,211,230  82 

Average  Daily  Exchanges.  Average  Daily  Bal. 

Oct.,  1865  to  Oct.,  1866 93,541,195  16         ....         3,472,752  79 


The  Clearing  House  is  one  of  the  important  financial  institutions  of 
the  City  of  New  York.  The  amount  of  labor,  time,  and  expense  saved 
to  the  banks  by  this  medium  is  almost  incalculable.  In  the  first  place, 
over  twenty-five  hundred  accounts  on  the  ledgers  of  the  banks  were 
instantly  closed.  The  daily  exchanges  formerly  occupied  the  time  of 
one  or  two  bank  clerks  five  or  six  hours  per  day,  accompanied  with 
frequent  disputes.  Now  the  daily  transactions  of  over  one  hundred 
millions  are  accomplished  in  one  hour,  and  with  perfect  accuracy  and 
satisfaction. — J.  S.  Eomans,  Banker i  Magazine. 


APPEITDIX. 


73 


KELATIVE  VALUE  OF  THE  REAL  AND  PERSONAL  ESTATE 

IN  THE  CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  NEW  YOEK,  AS  ASSESSED  IN    1865-66. 


WARDS. 

ASSESSMENTS  OF  1865. 

ASSESSMENTS  OF  1866. 

INCKEASB. 

First  

35,249,250 
19,986,200 
25,722,800 

9,411,200 
21,217,300 
13,416,600 
12,417,599 
18,391,600 
15,940,200 

9,124,600 

9,460,325 
18,177,305 

5,553,400 
12,686,300 
28,277,000 
18,867,450 
18,768,200 
38,387,050 
23,070,940 
18,177,900 
35,322,250 
19,825,515 

40,077,550 
21,295,500 
28,559,900 

9,488,350 
22,182,900 
13,734,600 
12,562,799 
18,866,700 
16,295,600 

9,691,800 
11,042,000 
18,381,650 

5,645,700 
13,379,300 
31,570,300 
19,807,310 
22,022,300 
41,004,200 
37,636,050 
18,990,910 
42,704,950 
24,052,715 

4,828,300 

Second  

1,309,300 

Third 

2,837  100 

Fourth 

Fifth 

77,150 
965,600 

Sixth 

318,000 

Seventh  

Eighth 

145,200 
475,100 

Ninth 

355,400 

Tenth 

567,200 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

1,581,675 
204,375 

Thirteenth   

Fourteenth 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth 

Seventeenth 

Eighteenth 

Nineteenth 

Twentieth 

Twenty-first 

Twenty-second  . . 

92,300 

693,000 

3,293,300 

939,860 

3,254,100 

2,617,150 

14,565,110 

813,010 

7,382,700 

4,227,200 

Total 

427,450,984 

478,993,084 

51,542,100 

Resident 

Non-Resident 

PKKSONAL  ESTATE. 

162,982,154 
18,441,317 

PERSONAL  ESTATE. 

206,609,278 
51,385,696 

PERSONAL  ESTATE. 

43,627,124 
32,944,379 

Total 

181,423,471 

257,994,974 

76,571,503 

Total  Real  and  Personal  for  1865 608,874,455 

Total  Real  and  Personal  for  1866 736,988,058 


Total  Increase 128,113,603 


Total  Valuation  for  1865 608,874,455 

Total  Valuation  for  1866 736,988,058 

Increase  in  1866 128,118,603 


Total  Valuation  in  County 736,988,058 


A.  J.  WILLIAMSON, 
J.  W.  ALLEN, 
J.  W.  BROWN, 


Commissioners 

of 
Taxes  and  Assessments, 


T4 


APPENDIX. 


This  paper,  from  Colonel  Andrew  Warner,  is  important  as  illustrating 
the  relation  of  Savings  Banks  to  the  property  of  the  city  and  the  credit 
of  the  nation. 

ABSTEAOT  OF  OFFICIAL  KEPORTS  OF  SAYINGS  BANKS  IN 
THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK,  VIZ.: 


1 

Open 
Accounts. 

Amount 

due 

Depositors. 

Investments. 

Surplus. 

1 

Bonds 
and 

Mortgages. 

Public  Stocks. 

Invested  in 
Real  Estate. 

1855. 
1856. 

1858. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 

16 
16 

16 
16 
17 
21 
21 
21 
22 
23 
23 

122,921 
132,737 

154,443 
169,997 
196,619 
217,964 
205,169 
229,468 
259,570 
294,290 
299,538 

26,111,719  20 
28,138,578  25 

32,615,184  53 
36,806,426  29 
43,410,090  88 
48,988,836  79 
45,085,026  83 
51,035,233  27 
62,174,623  97 
72,928,854  59 
76,989,505  56 

13,265,515  27 
12,987,581  60 

15,400,206  80 
15,750,382  89 
16,466,964  76 
18,528,817  42 
17,618,330  02 
17,134,349  90 
16,181,279  38 
15,687,091  10 
16,559,602  54 

11,424,885 
12,895,896  22 

14,983,874  94 
18,883,860  04 
24,508,582  61 
27,618,651  48 
23,923,133  03 
29,266,917  94 
41,760,255  10 
52,444,159  57 
57,300,441  96 

1,957,283  02 
1,931,369  74 
1,942,394  71 
2,267,000  47 
2,278,581  54 
2,912,906  86 
3,716,981  45 
5,249,107  49 
6,017,828  38 

686,867  15 
715,468  44 

720,421  29 
828,030  56 
854,528  97 
789,589  24 
746,808  25 
812,186  23 
905,664  33 
1,055,878  23 
1,105,773  29 

The  first  bank  established  in  this  city  was  the  Bank  for  Savings, 
which  commenced  operations  in  Chambers  Street,  3d  July,  1819. 
The  Seamen's,  the  next  chartered,  in 1829 


The  Greenwich " 

The  Bowery " 

East  River " 

Inst,  for  Sav.  March.  Clerks " 

Dry  Dock " 

Manhattan " 

Emigrant  Industrial " 

Broadway " 

Irving " 

Mariners' , " 

Mechanics'  and  Traders' " 

Sixpenny " 

Bloomingdale *' 

RoseHill " 

German " 

Union  Dime " 

Citizens' " 

Atlantic " 

Franklin " 

Harlem " 

Market " 

Peoples'  " 


,1833 
1834 
,1848 
,1848 
.1848 
.1850 
.1850 
.1851 
.1851 
.1852 
.1852 
.1853 
.1854 
.1854 
1859 
.1859 
.1860 
.1860 
.1860 
.1863 
.1863 
.1863 


APPENDIX.  T5 


II.  HEALTH    OF   THE  CITY 


DEATHS  IN  1865  :  GENERAL  SUMMARY. 

Total  nnmber  of  deaths  reported  in  |  Total  number  of  adults 10,039 

1865,  was 24,843  Total  number  of  children 14.804 

"    "    '  Total  number  of  deceased  per- 

sons 24,843 

From  which  deduct : 

I  Premature  births 233 

Total 24,843:  Malformations 31 

I  Old  age 390 

Male  adults 5,433  Suicides,  various 42 

Male  children 7,902 :  Casualties 352 

1  Drowned 175 

Total  males 13,335  Sunstroke 11 

Burned  or  Scalded 105 


Divided  thus 

White  persons 24,421 

Colored  persons 422 


Female  ad ult e 4,606 

Female  children 6,902 

Total  females 11,508 

Total 24,843 


Killed  or  Murdered 7 

Heat,  eflfects  of 3 

Poison 12 

Total 1,361 

Total  number  of  deaths  from  disease.. 23,482 


Total 24,843 

N.  B. — Age  for  division  of  aduUs  and  cldldren,  20  years. 

F.  A.  Boole,  City  Inspector. 

LETTER  FROM  DR.  ELISHA  HARRIS. 

To  Rev.  S.  Osgood,  D.  D. 

Deae  Sie  :  The  population  of  the  City  of  New  York,  according  to 
the  Census  of  1790,, was,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  decennium  of  the 
18th  century,  33,131.  In  the  year  1800,  the  Census  returned  60,489, 
which  showed  an  increase  of  83  per  cent,  upon  the  city's  population  in 
10  years.  The  next  decennial  period — the  first  of  the  present  century 
— there  was  an  increase  of  59  per  centum ;  but  during  the  succeeding 
four  years,  a  brief  period  of  war,  there  was  a  decrease  amounting  to  1 
per  centum,  or  a  retrogression  of  nearly  10,000  in  the  total  population. 
Since  that  period  there  has  been  a  steady  and  rapid  increase  in  the  pop- 
ulation, until  the  commencement  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 

In  a  retrospective  estimate  of  the  state  of  the  public  health,  the 
Mortuary  Record  is  a  trustworthy  index,  if  we  note  the  nature  and 


76 


APPENDIX. 


fatality  of  each  great  epidemic  visitation.  The  following  statement,  in 
columns  of  population,  deaths,  and  death-rates  on  population,  are 
authentic : 


Total  percentage 

of  the  increase  in 

population  in  the 

previous  years. 

Total  population 
of  the  city. 

Total  mortality 
that  year. 

Death-rate  estimated  by 

number  deaths  in  1,000  of 

population. 

1814 

Decrease  of 
about  0-1  in 
three  years. 

95,519 

1,961 

20| 

1820 

Increase  in  six 
years  30  per  cent. 

123,706 

3,522 

284-,  Two  epidemics. 

1825 

Increase  in  five 
years  34  per  cent. 

166,086 

4,920 

23| 

1830 

Increase  in  five 
years  19  per.  cent. 

197,112 

5,522 

28,    One  epidemic. 

1835 

Increase  in  five 
years  36  per  cent. 

268,089 

7,096 

261 

1840 

Increase  in  five 
years  17  per  cent. 

312,710 

8,469 

27tV 

1845 

Increase  in  five 
years  16  per  cent. 

371,223 

9,652 

26 

1855 

Increase  in  ten 
years  59  per  cent. 

629,810 

24,448 

38|^     Including  two 
epidemics  of  cholera,  9,000 
killed. 

1865 

Increase  in  ten 
years  10-53  per  ct. 

726,354 

25,767 

35  ,\ 

The  accuracy  or  inaccuracy  of  the  census  returns  need  not  he  men- 
tioned here.  But  we  cannot  fail  to  note  the  marked  increase  in  the 
death-rate,  year  by  year,  for  nearly  twenty  years  past.  This  general 
increase  of  mortality  must  not  be  assumed  to  indicate  a  decrease  in  the 
expectation  and  length  of  life  in  the  more  favored  classes  of  the  popula- 
tion. There  is  reason  to  believe  that  all  this  increase  of  the  death-rate 
is  caused  in  particular  classes  of  inhabitants.  It  is  found  to  be  mainly 
in  those  classes  from  which  the  paupers  are  derived,  viz. :  the  ignorant 
and  poor  classes.  Methods  of  classification,  and  analysis  of  causes  of 
death  at  the  various  periods  of  life,  are  now  so  employed  in  the  Bureau 
as  to  set  forth,  after  a  year  or  two,  the  actual  conditions  under  which 
occur  all  the  great  excesses  of  mortality  in  the  diflferent  classes  and 
occupations,  and  at  the  several  periods  of  life.  Already  we  know  that, 
as  regards  periods  of  life,  the  excess  of  mortality  is  in  children  under 
five  years  of  age.  Tiie  chances  of  life  after  that  early  period,  are  as  good 
in  New  York  as  in  most  maritime  cities. 


APPENDIX.  'TT 

London,  Paris,  and  Liverpool  are  the  chief  great  capitals  with  which 
the  increase  and  movement  of  population,  the  physical  influences  of  com- 
merce and  the  trades,  and  the  rates  of  mortality  in  New  York  can  be 
justly  compared ;  yet  none  of  those  cities  feels  so  greatly  the  influence 
of  2k  foreign  and  unacclimated  element  in  the  population. 

In  London,  with  a  population,  now,  of  3,067,000  and  upwards  upon 
121  square  miles,  the  death-rate,  for  twelve  or  fourteen  years,  has  not 
varied  much  from  23|  per  1,000  annually.  In  Paris  the  death-rate  is, 
year  by  year,  about  1  in  the  1,000  higher  than  that  of  London. 

Liverpool  last  year  had  a  death-rate  of  36|  per  1,000  inhabitants. 

The  city  of  Dublin,  last  year,  had  a  death-rate  of  28  per  1,000. 

In  the  thirteen  chief  cities  of  Great  Britain,  the  average  rate  is  a 
little  more  than  24  per  1,000  annually.  England  and  Wales  sufifer 
yearly  a  loss  of  22i  lives  to  every  1,000  inhabitants. 

Austria,  in  1853,  buried  34^  out  of  every  1,000;  in  1858,  31f ;  and 
in  1863  31yV  to  the  1,000  of  her  population. 

France,  in  the  same  years,  lost  only  22,  24],  and  22f  to  the  1,000 
respectively. 

Most  of  the  countries  of  Europe  have,  for  years,  been  increasing 
their  population  at  the  rate  of  about  1  per  cent,  per  annum.  The  most 
rapidly  growing  capitals  have  increased  at  a  much  more  rapid  rate,  but 
even  London  has  less  than  half  the  average  rate  of  population  growth 
which  New  York  has. 

The  standards  of  life-endurance  in  Europe  are  not  high  standards, 
though  in  cities  they  have  risen  to  nearly  double  the  length  of  European 
city  lives  two  hundred  years  ago.  Even  in  the  notorious  Parish  of  St. 
Giles,  in  London,  a  district  has  been  so  renovated  the  past  ten  years 
that  the  chanc  s  of  life  have  more  than  doubled. 

New  York  should  have  its  own  standard,  and,  with  its  healthful 
climate,  and  great  advantages,  the  motto  of  its  sanitary  government 
should  be  Excelsioe. 

In  the  Fifteenth  Ward  of  this  ci^y,  with  a  dense  and  well-mixed 
population,  the  present  standard  of  life,  in  that  ward,  has,  for  six  years, 
averaged  nearly  twice  as  high  as  the  average  of  the  city.  The  mean 
death-rate  in  the  ward  has  been  but  17  per  1,000.  And  in  this  epi- 
demic year,  life  has  been  more  secure  in  that  ward  than  ever  before, 
the  death-rate  having  thus  far  been  as  16  per  1,000  annually. 

Let  me  express  the  belief  that,  unless  sanitary  science  and  social  im- 
provements are  delusions.  New  York  will,  at  some  future  day,  contain 
a  population  of  2,000,000,  and  the  metropolitan  district  4,000,000,  with 
a  death-rate  not  exceeding  16  per  1,000  annually, — but  half  the  present 
rate ! 

Our  war  has  demonstrated  the  wonderful  endurance  and  vitality  of 


78 


APPEISTDIX. 


the  American  man.  The  metropolis  of  our  country  can  yet  present 
the  healthiest  of  all  the  crowded  populations ;  for  all  the  resources  of 
sanitary  science  and  medicine  have  become  tributary  to  social  progress 
in  the  civilization  and  Christianity  of  our  day. 

"With  highest  regard,  I  remain,  very  truly  yours, 

E.  HAERIS. 
Bureau  of  Recoeds  and  Vital  Statistics^  } 
Meteopolitan  Board  of  Health,  November  19iA,  1866.  j 


MORTALITY    OF    THE   CITY   OF      NEW   YOEK   IN   1864   AND   1865. 


Year. 

1864. 

1865. 

Total 

25,645 

13,662 

11,983 

5,959 

5,114 

11,073 

14,572 

6,058 

24,843 

13,335 

11,508 

5,433 

4,606 

10,039 

14,804 

6,217 

Decrease 802 

Males 

"        ....327 

Females 

Men   

"        ...445 
..  .526 

W^omen 

"        ....508 

Adults 

Children • 

"      ...1,034 
Increase ....  232 

"         under  1  year 

....159 

Ratio  to  1,000  living  in  1864,  23.7 ;  in  1863,  25.1 ;  decrease,  1.4. 

These  returns  indicate  the  city  to  have  been  entirely  free  from  any 
epidemic  or  even  endemic,  and  the  general  health  to  have  been 
unusually  good. 

A  Table,  showing  the  total  Deaths  from  1850  to  1866,  also  the  number 
o/ Adults,  Children,  awtZ  Children  under  one  yea/rofage  who  died 
in  the  same  period. 


Year. 

Deaths. 

Adults. 

Children. 

Children 
under  1  year. 

1851   

21,748 
20,296 
21,137 
26,953 
21,478 
20,102 
21,775 
22,196 
21,645 
22,710 
22,117 
21,244 
25,196 
25,645 
24,843 

7,775 

8.002 

8,124 

10,681 

7,289 

6,769 

7,558 

8,081 

8,182 

8,752 

8,503 

8,618 

10,596 

11,073 

10,039 

13,973 
12,294 
13,003 
16,271 
14,189 
14,889 
14,217 
14,105 
13,463 
13.958 
13,614 
12,626 
14,600 
14,572 
14,804 

6,891 

1852 

6,351 

1853       

6,661 

1854 

7,551 

1855     

6,771 

1856   

6,437 

1857 

6,905 

1858  

7,109 

1859 

6,599 

I860           

6,087 

1861 

6,189 

1862     

5,720 

1863 

6,118 

1864 

1865 

6,058 
6,217 

APPENDIX. 


79 


CHOLERA  MORTALITY  DTJEING  SIX  TEARS. 


Total 

Year. 

January. 

February. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

for  six 
months. 

1861 

22 

21 

15 

23 

29 

66 

176 

1862 

18 

22 

34 

26 

32 

68 

199 

1863 

49 

27 

23 

36 

60 

69 

267 

1864 

51 

36 

38 

58 

54 

111 

348 

1865 

41 

46 

37 

40 

45 

141 

350 

1866   

55 

33 

45 

90 

84 

196 

598 

Total.. 

236 

190 

195 

272 

304 

651 

1,848 

The  number  of  deaths  in  the  Cholera  Hospitals  is  stated  to  have 
been : 

In  the  Battery  Hospital 109 

In  the  Eed  House  Hospital 32 

Total 141 


DEATHS   IN   THE   CITY  BY   WARDS. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  deaths  from  cholera 
in  this  city,  by  wards,  from  May  1  to  December  1,  1866,  inclusive, 
showing  the  rate  of  those  deaths  to  the  10,000  inhabitants  living: 


First 

Second 

Third , 

Fourth 

Fifth , 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Eighth 

Ninth , 

Tenth , 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth 

Fourteenth..,. 

Fifteenth 

Bixleenth 

Seventeenth... 
Eighteenth.... 
Nineteenth . . . . 

Twentieth 

Twenty-first... 
Twenty-second 

Total.... 


458 


9,852 

1,194 

3,367 

17,352 

18,205 

19.754 


38,504 
31,537 
58.953 
28,259 
26,388 
23,382 
25,572 
41,972 
79,563 
47,613 
39,945 
61,884 
38,669 
47,361 


14 
16f 

2f 
14i 

6^ 
45J 


6i 


®  2, 


41,010 
9,950 

22,447 
133,477 

69,904 
151,954 
119,232 
103,786 

77,004 
185,512 
196,510 


8? 

5,195 

3| 

155,224 

If 

155.880 

1 

82,490 

'^ 

69,953 

2| 

153,656 

2 

51,197 

5 

16,713 

5i 

91,006 

2 

52,255 

i3f 

21,334 

43,364 


:  SSg. 
:  S.3.2. 


SS": 


18 
125 
22 
22 
14 
14 
13 
39 
10 
87 
4 
15 
24 
11 
25 


76 


591 


§■•2.'? 


37J 
16f 

29,^ 


5t% 
16 


8t\ 


80 


APPENDIX. 


JT3NE,    JULY,    AUGUST,    AND   SEPTEMBER. 

Of  the  842  persons  who  died  from  cholera,  in  the  months  of  June, 
July,  August,  and  September,  there  were  born  in  Ireland,  190;  United 
States,  73 ;  Germany,  36 ;  England,  21 ;  Scotland,  5 ;  France,  4 ;  Swe- 
den, 3 ;  Canada,  2 ;  China,  1 ;  Italy,  1 ;  Australia,  1 ;  at  sea,  1 ;  not 
stated,  2. 

The  ages  at  which  these  342  persons  died  were  as  follows  : 


Years. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Years. 

Number  of 
persons. 

10  to  15- 

3 
13 
39 

47 
50 
37 
41 

45  to  50 

32 

15  to  20 

50  to  55 

25 

20  to  25 

55  to  60 

24 

25  to  30 

60  to  65 

16 

30  to  35 

65to70 

75  to  rO 

12 

35  to  40 

2 

40  to  45   

80  to  85 • 

1 

OCCUPATION    OF   THE   DEAD, 

Among  the  persons  who  died  in  the  four  months  last  alluded  to, 
88  are  returned  as  "laborers,"  65  as  "domestics,"  16  as  "house- 
keepers," &c. 

OHOLEEA  DEATHS  IN  THE   PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 

The  following  statement  gives  the  number  of  deaths  from  cholera  in 
the  public  institutions  of  New  York  from  July  7  to  December  1,  1866: 

Ward's  Island,  172;  Workhouse,  Blackwell's  Island,  151;  Alms- 
house, Blackwell's  Island,  95 ;  Charity  Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island,  41 ; 
New  York  City  Lunatic  Asylum,  Blackwell's  Island,  74 ;  Penitentiary, 
Blackwell's  Island,  6;  Eandall's  Island,  20;  Bellevue  Hospital,  33; 
New  York  Hospital,  3;  City  Prison,  2;  Castle  Garden,  3;  Fort  Colum- 
bus, New  York  Hospital,  2 ;  Small-pox  Hospital,  Blackwell's  Island,  2 ; 
Colored  Home,  1 ;  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  8 ;  Battery  Hospital, 
107 ;  Bed  House  Hospital,  32.    Total,  752. 


OHOLEEA  QEOUPS. 

From  the  list  of  streets  in  which  fatal  cholera  cases  occurred,  we 
extract  all  numbering  over  five,  as  follows : 

Baxter  Street,  35  ;  Broadway,  9  ;  Cherry  Street,  8  ;  Franklin  Street, 
6;  Greenwich  Street,  10;  Mott  Street,  15;  Mulberry  Street,  67; 
Ninth  Avenue,  7  ;  Third  Avenue,  10  ;  Thomas  Street,  6  j  Washington 
Street,  17;  Water  Street,  6;  West  Twenty-sixth  Street,  9;  West  Forty- 
first  Street,  7;  West  Fifty-fourth  Street,  7 ;  West  Sixty-seventh  Street,  6. 


APPENDIX.  81 

The  total  number  of  houses  in  which  the  deaths  occurred  at  homo 
and  in  the  cholera  hospital,  was  440. 

The  number  of  houses  in  which  only  one  death  occurred,  was  362. 

The  number  of  houses  in  which  two  deaths  occurred,  was  61. 

The  number  of  houses  in  which  three  deaths  occurred,  was  16. 

Tlie  number  of  houses  in  which  four  or  more  deaths  occurred, 
was  10. 

8ANITAEY  DEDUCTION. 

The  progressing  demands  and  appliances  of  sanitary  science  went 
beyond  such  general  and  vague,  though  practical  and  just,  conclusions. 
But  it  was  not  until  the  results  of  the  more  exactly  defined  experiences 
and  researches  in  the  epidemics  of  1854,  1859  and  1865  in  Europe  had 
been  logically  analyzed  and  compared,  that  this  most  valuable  of  all 
conclusions  was  reached,  namely :  That  the  diarrhoeal  excreta  of  the 
sick  when  impregnating  the  soil,  the  drinking  water,  or  any  kind  of 
decomposing  matter,  especially  that  of  privies,  cesspools,  sewers,  drains, 
and  the  ground  about  dwelling  houses,  constitute  the  positive,  the 
chief,  and,  for  aught  that  is  yet  known,  the  only  means  for  propagating 
and  spreading  Asiatic  cholera. 


BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

December  4«A,  1864. 

Dear  Sir  :  Enclosed  I  send  you  an  extract  from  the  forthcoming  re- 
port of-the  Board  of  Health,  which  will  give  some  idea  of  the  kind  and 
amount  of  detailed  labor  which  it  has  performed  in  the  eight  months 
since  its  organization.  Yet,  without  far  greater  space  than  you  can 
afford,  you  can  give  but  a  meagre  idea  of  its  great  and  varied  labors 
and  influences. 

The  extent  to  which  it  has  coerced  and  stimulated  the  public 
schools  and  other  institutional  authorities  of  the  district,  to  regard 
sanitary  laws ;  the  efficient  manner  in  which  it  has  compelled  offal  and 
garbage  contractors  to  discharge  their  duties ;  the  powerful  stimulant  it 
has  been  to  landlords  to  put  their  buildings  in  better  order  for  poor 
tenants ;  the  suppression  of  cattle-driving  in  the  day-time  in  this  city  ; 
the  great  controlment  of  the  slaughtering  of  animals  in  New  York; 
the  important  fact  that  it  has  caused  some  of  the  largest  abatt)  rs  to 
be  built  in  the  open  country,  some  miles  distant ;  the  better  care  it 
has  caused  to  be  taken  to  prevent  the  spread  of  typhoid  and  ship 
fever ;  above  all,  its  effectual  and  energetic  treatment  of  cholera ;  the 
noble  exhausting  and  self-sacrificing  labors  of  the  commissions,  during 
the  hot  summer  months,  worth  sd  much  as  a  public  example,  are 
not  alluded  to  in  the  extract,  nor,  I  think,  have  you  any  space  for 
tkem. 

6 


82 


APPEISTDIX. 


Considering  the  embarrassments  the  Board  has  had  to  encounter, 
the  suddenness  with  which  the  cholera  came,  the  work  done,  I  think 
its  full  record  in  its  report  will  be  one  of  which  New  York  may  be 
proud.  Yours,  very  truly,  D.  B.  Eatox. 

The  first  orders  of  the  Board  were  issued  on  the  14th  of  March, 
between  which  date  and  the  1st  of  November,  31,077  orders  were  is- 
sued, and  were  duly  served  by  the  Sanitary  Police.  Of  these  orders, 
5,325  were  under  the  first  suMivision  of  Section  14,  of  Chapter  74,  of 
the  Session  Laws  of  1866,  by  the  terms  of  which  the  party  served  is 
allowed  three  days  in  which  to  demand  a  "  hearing  "  by  the  Board  of 
the  testimony  which  may  be  presented  to  show  that  the  order  should  be 
revoked  and  not  enforced.  In  cases  where  no  hearing  has  been  asked 
for,  and  the  order  has  not  been  obeyed  by  the  proper  party,  '"'-finaV 
orders  in  the  original  or  an  amended  form,  to  the  number  of  3,160,  have 
been  issued  and  forwarded  to  the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Police  for 
execution.  All  other  written  orders,  in  number  22,592,  have  been  is- 
sued under  the  second  subdivision  of  Section  14,  of  Chapter  74,  of  the 
Session  Laws  of  1866,  and  are  of  a  peremptory  character,  requiring  that 
the  nuisance  be  abated  within  five  days,  and,  if  not  obeyed,  directing 
the  Board  of  Metropolitan  Police  to  enforce  the  same  without  further 
notice.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  subjects  of  the  orders  above 
referred  to,  other  than  the  '^ final "  orders,  and  of  the  work  performed 
in  the  execution  of  the  same,  either  by  the  party  upon  whom  the  order 
was  served,  or  by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Police,  or  by  the  oflScers 
or  agents  of  this  Board. 

We  select  the  principal  items  of  the  work  done  by  the  Board  from 
the  full  list  of  180  classes  of  work : 


Alleys  cleaned 381 

Ashes,  garbage,  and  rubbish 

removed 1,335 

Areas  cleaned 701 

Basements  cleaned 230 

"          whitewashed. . .  66 
Bone  and  ofial  boiling  (busi- 
ness of)  discontinued 12 

Cellars  cleaned 3,067 

"      connected  with   sew- 
er    62 

"     filled 182 

"     whitewashed 653 

Cesspools  cleaned 686 

"        connected      with 

sewer 45 

"        disinfected 56 

"        emptied 25 

filled Ill 


emp- 


Cesspools  made 

"        repaired  . . . 
Cisterns  cleaned  and 

tied   

"       disinfected 

filled 

"        repaired 

Cows  removed  (No.  of  or- 
ders)   

Ditches  cut 

Drains  cleaned 

"     made 

"      Cobstructions  in)  re- 
moved   

"      repaired 

Fat  boiling  (business  of)  dis- 
continued   

Halls  cleaned 

"    whitewashed 


131 

28 

771 

76 

328 


110 
49 
38 

136 

99 
138 

54 
260 
161 


APPENDIX. 


83 


Hide  curing  and  storing  (bu- 
siness of)  discontinued. . .  15 

Hydrants  repaired 159 

Hydrant-waste  drained,  &c.  209 

Leaders  repaired 254 

Lime  burning  (business  of) 

discontinued. 6 

Lots  cleaned 479 

"    filled 143 

"    graded 57 

Manure  removed 991 

"      vaults  cleaned 22 

"           "      constructed..  492 
"          "      (covers    for) 

made 38 

"          "      repaired ....  53 

Market  stalls  removed 128 

Offal    boiling    (business  of) 

discontinued 1 

Oil  manufacturing  (business 

of)  discontinued 1 

Packing  rancid  butter  (busi- 
ness of)  discontinued 1 

Pickles  manufacturing  (bu- 
siness of)  discontinued. . .  2 

Piers  cleaned 30 

"     repaired 18 

Pigs'  feet  and  tripe  boiling 

(business  of)  discontinued  2 

Pig-pens  cleaned . .  299 

Pigs  removed  (No.  of  orders)  381 
Pipe     (water,    waste,    and 
hydrant)  obstructions  re- 
moved    46 

Pipes  (waste)  cleaned 149 

''         "       repaired 427 

"    (water)       "       248 

Plastering     removed     and 

walls  re-plastered 47 

Ponds  filled 42 

Premises  cleaned . , . ., 2,581 

*'       disinfected  and  fu- 
migated   1 94 

"       connected  with  the 

sewer 521 

"       whitewashed 871 

Privies  disinfected 6,418 

"      emptied  and  cleaned  15,214 

Privy  houses  removed 31 

"           "      repaired 195 

"      seats  repaired 44 

"      sinks  connected  with 

sewer 2,056 


Privy  sinks  filled 577 

"          "    made 2,085 

"      vaults  repaired 442 

Privies  built 4 

Rags  removed 78 

Rag  sorting    and    cleaning 

(business  of)  discontinued  6 
Sausage  case  and  gut  clean- 
ing (business  of)  discon- 
tinued   13 

Sausage  and  tripe  manufac- 
turing (business  of)  dis- 
continued    n 

Sewers  built 28 

"      cleaned 157 

Sewer  cormections  cleaned  .  136 

Sewers  repaired 338 

Sewer  pipes  (obstructions  in) 

removed 1,493 

Sewer  pipes  repaired 505 

Sidewalks  repaired 130 

Sinks  emptied  and  cleaned. .  2,625 
Slaughtering    (business    of) 

discontinued 36 

Slaughter  houses  cleaned. . .  20 
Soap  boiling   (business  of) 

discontinued 5 

Spaces  (vacant)  cleaned 162 

"      disinfected 11 

Stables  cleaned 657 

"      disinfected 6 

Stagnant  water  removed. . .  354 

Stairways  cleaned 68 

"        repaired 30 

Streets  cleaned 17 

"      (obstructions  in)  re- 
moved   78 

Superphosphate  lime  man- 
ufacturing   (business    of) 

discontinued 4 

Swill  boiling  (business   of) 

discontinued 7 

Tanks  constructed 24 

Varnish  manufacturing  (bu- 
siness of)  discontinued. ...  3 

Vaults  cleaned 95 

Walls  and  ceilings  repaired.  18 

Water  closets  cleaned 413 

"          "      repaired 66 

"         "      and      urinals 

constructed 45 

Yards  cleaned 3,949 

"     graded  and  repaired.  245 


84 


APPENDIX. 


III.    CRIME  IN  NEW  YOEK. 


Natiioity  of  those  arrested^  classified  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  Sls^,  1865. 


Nativity. 


United  States  (white) 
«  (black). 

Ireland 

Germany 

England 

France 

Scotland.. 

Spain 

Russia 

Prussia. 

Austria 

Canada 

Holland 

Italy 

Denmark 

Poland 

Britislx  Provinces 

East.Indies 

West  Indies 

Belgium 

Switzerland 


21,852 

1,184 

32,867 

7,162 

2,819 

639 

901 

57 

24 

87 

18 

409 

25 

189 

43 

139 

61 

11 

29 

11 

40 


Nativity. 


Sweden , 

Norway 

Hungary , 

Wales 

Mexico 

Bermuda 

Greece 

Nova  Scotia 

Portugal 

Bohemia... 

Cuba 

South  America... 
Sandwich  Island? 

China 

Bavaria 

Turkey 

Africa 

Sicily 


Total  number  of  arrests 68,873 


Recapitulation  of  Offences  against  the  Person  for  the  year  ending  Oc- 
tober 31s^  1865. 


Offences  against  person.     Males.     Pern's.     Total. 


Assault 

Assault  and  Battery 

Assault  with  intent 
to  kill 

Assault,  felonious. . . 

Assault  on  police- 
men  

Abandonment 

Accessory  to  murder 

Aiding  prisoner  to 
escape 

Attempt  at  rape 

"  Abduction 

Abortion 

Attachment  or 
bench  warrant 

Bastardy 

Bigamy 

Contempt  of  Court. 

Carrying  concealed 
weapons 

Disorderly  conduct . 

Deserters 

Escaped  convicts... 

Fighting  in  streets.. 

Fugitives  from  jus- 
tice  

Habitual  drunkards 

Homicides  in  all  de- 


106 
,077 

197 
546 

36 

253 

9 

5 

40 


100 

141 

14 


1,542 

254" 

95 

613 

5 

52 


14 

1,667 


1 

5,412 


1 
139 


7,744 

198 
600 


258 
9 


140 

141 

19 

29 


13,050 
254 
99 
767 


6 
191 


Offences  against  person 

Males. 

Insani  ty ............ 

804 

Interfering  with  po- 

178 

Insulting  females  in 
the  streets 

Indecent  exposure  of 
the  person 

Intoxication 

Intoxication  and  dis- 
orderly conduct. . . 

Juvenile  delinquents 

Kidnapping 

Libel..;.... 

18 

116 
11,482 

4,866 

154 

20 

5 

Miscellaneous    mit* 
demeanors 

80 
14 

Personating    police- 
men. ......   ...... 

16 

Runaway    appre.  ti- 
ces 

10 

Rescuing  prisoners. 

18 

38 

Suspicious  persons.. 
Seduction  ........ 

1,617 
21 

Sodomy 

5 

Threatening  life 

Trespassing 

Truancy 

88. 
9 

188 

VaTanov ...  . .       . . 

978 

Witnesses 

28 

2,445 
25 
5 


34 


12 

2 

'440 


192 
18 

119 

16,418 

7,311 

179 

25 

5 

114 

14 

16 

22 


2,057 

21 

5 

98 

9 

206 

1,816 


Oflfences  against  the  person 37,489  16,422  53,911 


APPENDIX. 


85 


Recapitulation  of  Offence%  agaimt  Property  for  the  year  ending  Oc- 
tober 31««,  1865. 


Offences  against  property 


Arson 

Attempt  to  steal.. . . 

Attempt  at  burglary 

Burglary 

Constructive  larceny 

Conspiracy. 

Compounding  felo- 
ny  

Embezzlement 

Forgery 

Fraud 

Forfeited  bail 

Felony 

Grand  larceny 

Gambling 

Highway  Kobbery. . 

Horse  stealing 

Keeping  disorderly 
house 

Larceny  upon  the 
person 

Mutiny 

Malicious  mischief. . 


Offences  against  property  . . . . 

Offences  against  the  person  . . 

Total  number  of  arrests. 


Males. 

Fem'B. 

TotaL 

35 

85 

236 

9 

245 

63 

... 

53 

291 

3 

294 

43 

12 

65 

6 

.... 

6 

2 

2 

42 

.... 

42 

151 

3 

154 

104 

17 

121 

7 

.... 

7 

2 

2 

1,675 

946 

2,621 

249 

3 

252 

199 

6 

205 

6 

.... 

6 

177 

165 

342 

102 

,35 

127 

52 

52 

436 

48 

484 

Offences  against  property 

Obtaining  goods  by 
false  pretences. . . . 

Offences  against  the 
Government 

Picking  pockets 

Petit  larceny 

Perjury 

Passing  counterfeit 
money 

Keceiv'g  stolen  g'ds 

Robbery, first  degree 

Rioting 

Smuggling 

Shoplifting 

Swindling 

Violations  of  corpo- 
ration ordinances. 

Violations  of  the 
Sunday  law 

Violations  of  the 
election  law 

Violations  of  the 
State  law 


Males. 

Fern's. 

108 

23 

122 

2 

256 

20 

3,380 

1,860 

14 

.... 

414 

46 

166 

51 

109 

6 

10 

5 

6 

3 

104 

3 

2,417 

415 

183 

20 

30 

.... 

75 

1 

131 

124 

275 

6,240 

14 


217 

116 

10 

5 

8 
107 

2,832 


76 


11,265      3,697   14, 


.37,489    16,422    53,911 
.48,754    20,119   68,873 


HOUSE  OF  REFUGE. 

The  last  report  states  that  the  whole  number  of  children  received 
into  the  House  of  Refuge  since  its  opening  in  1825,  is  10,853. 

That  the  number  of  children  in  the  House  on  the  1st  day  of  Jan- 
uary, 1865,  was 718 

That  there  have  been  received  during  the  year  1865 824 


Making  a  total  of 1,542 

That  there  have  been  indentured  and  discharged  during  the  year. .    603 


And  there  remain  inthe  House  on  the  1st  of  January,  1866 


939 


The  Superintendent's  statement  thereto  annexed  contains  all  the  par- 
ticulars required  by  the  act  referred  to,  as  to  the  sources  from  which 
the  inmates  of  the  House  have  been  received,  and  the  disposition  that 
has  been  made  of  them,  as  well  as  many  other  facts  and  statistics  of 
interest  in  the  history  of  the  institution  during  the  past  year. 

The  very  large  increase  in  the  number  of  the  children  committed  to 
the  House,  being  nearly  fifty  per  cent,  on  the  number  committed  during 
1864,  and  about  seventy-five  per- cent,  on  the  average  of  three  years 
preceding,  is  a  fact  calculated  to  excite  inquiry. 


86  APPEIiTDIX 


lY.  PUBLIC  CHAEITIES  AND  C0EEECTI0:N". 


SIXTH  ANNUAL  EEPOKT  OF  THE  C0MMISSI02!TEKS  OF  PUBLIC 
CHARITIES  AND  CORRECTION  FOR  THE  YEAR  1865. 

BOAED    OF    COMMISSIONERS    OF    PUBLIC    CHAEITIES    AND    COEEECTION. 

Isaac  Bell,  President^  James  B.  Nicholson, 

James  Bowen,  Owen  W.  Brennan. 

The  Institutions  in  charge  of  the  Commissioners  are  the 

City  Prison  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
Bellevue  Hospital     "  " 

Small  Pox  and  Fever  Hospitals,  Blackwell's  Island, 
Island  Hospital,  "  " 

Penitentiary,  "  " 

Alms  Houses,  "  " 

Work  House,  "  " 

Lunatic  Asylum,  "  " 

Children's  Nurseries,  Randall's  Island, 
City  Cemetery  and  Farm,  Ward's  Island. 

The  Colored  Home  and  Colored  Orphan  Asylum  in  the  city  of  N«w 
York  are  under  the  supervision  of  the  Commissioners,  though  in  direct 
charge  of  their  respective  Boards  of  Managers. 

Detailed  statements  of  the  expenses  for  maintaining  the  several  insti- 
tutions will  be  found  in  the  tables  accompanying  this  report,  but  they 
may  be  generally  classified  as  follows: 

Provisions $314,186  29 

Clothing,  Beds,  and  Bedding 63,148  20 

Medicines 38,055  07 

CoalandWood 105,031  77 

Erection  of  New  Buildings 39,868  72 

Repairs — ^Buildings 6,082  16 

Salaries 139,073  81 

Steamboat 29,809  38 

Donations  to  Out-Door  Poor 32,438  75 

Colored  Orphan  Asylum  and  Nursing  Children. . .     20,712  62 
Furniture 6,307  08 


APPENDIX. 


87 


Hardware,  Steam  and  Gas  Fixtures $15,198  69 

Rents 7,549  Y9 

Lumber  and  Mason  Work 14,102  99 

Plumbing,  Paints,  etc 6,292  86 

Leather  and  Shoes 10,670  81 

Soap 8,882  28 

Stationery,  Printing,  and  Advertising 10,646  77 

Transportation  of  Prisoners  and  Paupers 7,140  58 

Miscellaneous 68,134  80 

$942,243  42 

CITY  PRISONS. 

The  total  number  of  prisoners  who  were  committed  to  the  city 
prisons  during  the  past  year  was  thirty-nine  thousand  six  hundred  and 
sixteen  (39,616),  being  an  increase  over  t"he  previous  year  of  eight 
t"housand  three  hundred  and  eighty-three  (8,383).  The  increase  has 
been  principally  among  the  prisoners  who  were  charged  with  high 


NATIVITY   OF   THE   PRISONERS    COMMITTED   DURING   THE 
TEAR  1865. 


Ireland 

United  States. 
Germany . . . . , 

England 

Scotland  . . . . , 

Canada 

France 

Italy 

Prussia 

Poland 

Sweden 

Switzerland  . 

Denmark 

Wales. 

Cuba.  .-- 

Spain 

Austria 

Russia 

Norway , 

Portugal 

China 

Greece 

Mexico    


Total 24,329 


MALES. 

FEMALES. 

10,638 

8,998 

8,111 

4,199 

3,195 

1,210 

1,076 

560 

369 

171 

220 

99 

268 

35 

113 

6 

49 

.. 

49 

, , 

42 

29 

1 

29 

, , 

24 

4 

24 

1 

22 

2 

20 

14 

1 

14 

8 

6 

6 

3 

24,329 

15,287 

19,636 

12,310 

4,405 

1,636 

540 

319 

303 

119 

49 

49 

42 

30 

29 

28 

25 

24 

20 

15 

14 

8 

6 

6 

3 

39,616 


88 


APPENDIX. 


BELLEVUE  HOSPITAL. 

The  number  of  Patients  remaining  in  Hospital,  January  1st,  1865,     648 
The  number  of  admissions  for  the  year  (including  590  births) 

were 6,425 

The  total  number  of  patients  treated  during  the  year 7,0T3 

The  number  discharged,  cured,  and  relieved  for  the  year  were.. .  .5,801 
The  number  of  deaths  for  the  year  were ; 658 

6,459 

The  number  of  Patients  remaining  in  Hospital  under  treatment, 

December  31st,  1865 614 


NATIVITY  OF  THOSE  ADMITTED, 


INCLUDING   BIETHS. 


S5 

S5 

1 

5 

BIRTHS. 

^• 

COUNTRT. 

n 

7 

2 
293 

1 

United  States 

Ireland. 

676 

1,603 

147 

61 

323 

41 

40 

2 

3 

5 

6 

3 

1 

15 

51 

601 

1,844 

126 

43 

148 

11 

24 

2 

1 

*i 

*3 

18 

21 

1 

5       29 

1,903 

3,447 

273 

104 

England 

Scotland .  * 

Germany 

471 

France 

52 

Canada 

64 

Wales  

4 

Belgium 

4 

Italy 

5 

Prussia 

Spain 

7 
3 

At  Sea 

Unknown  Countries. 
Other  Countries 

1 
18 
69 

Total 

2,977 

2,822 

21 

1 

5       297 

293 

6,425 

APPENDIX. 


89 


ISLAND,  FEVER,  AND  SMALL  POX  HOSPITALS. 

During  the  year  both  Hospitals  have  been  over-crowded  with  pa- 
tients, and  the  experience  of  the  past  will  justify  your  Board  in 
making  further  provision  for  the  care  of  Small  Pox  and  Typhus  Fever 
patients. 

The  Island  Hospital,  with  its  pavilion  and  tents,  has  received  during 
the  year  8,893  patients,  the  whole  number  treated  in  the  same  period 
being  9,877. 

In  February  the  number  of  fever  cases  under  treatment  at  one  time 
was  155 ;  the  whole  number  treated  during  the  year  was  1,330.  A 
large  item  in  the  expenses  of  Island  Hospital  was  caused  by  the  erection 
of  the  building  and  maintenance  of  these  fever  patients. 

There  has  been  received  and  treated  in  Small  Pox  Hospital  1,116 
patients,  an  increase  of  397  over  the  number  treated  during  1864. 

Of  this  number,  358  were  emigrants,  48  United  States  soldiers,  and 
620  residents  of  New  York  city. 

PENITENTIARY. 

The  health  of  the  prisoners  generally,  for  the  past  year,  has  been 
very  good.  The  number  of  convicts  is  large  compared  with  last  year. 
On  December,  1864,  there  were  280,  and  at  the  close  of  1865,  596. 

The  following  Table  shows  the  Crimes  committed  ly  the  Male  and  Fe- 
male Convicts  received  from  \st  of  January  to  ^Ist  December^  1865, 
inclusive : 


Assault , 

Assault  and  Battery 

Assault  with  intent  to  steal. . , 

Disorderly  House  . . , .' 

Grand  Larceny , 

Grand  Larceny,  attempt  at. . , 
Indecent  Assault  and  Battery 
Indecent  Exposure  of  Person 
Manslaughter,  fourth  degree. 

Petit  Larceny , 

Forgery,  fourth  degree , 

Forgery,  third  degree , 

Illegal  Voting 


Total 1,096 


40 

40 

215 

166 

381 

196 

23 

219 

18 

5 

23 

82 

52 

134 

105 

68 

173 

15 

, . 

15 

13 

13 

2 

2 

398 

260 

658 

3 

3 

1 

1 

8 

•• 

8 

574 


1,670 


90 


APPENDIX. 


T?ie  following  Table  shows  the  Nativities  of  the  Male  and  Female  Con- 
mcts  received  from  1st  January  to  ^Ist  December^  1865,  inclusive : 


NATIVITIES. 

MALES. 

FEMALES. 

TOTAL. 

United  States 

235 

193 

355 

31 

35 

38 

35 

159 

15 

135 

Yl 

240 

16 

14 

5 

2 

91 

370 

England 

264 

Ireland , 

595 

Scotland 

47 

Canada .... 

49 

France 

43 

Prussia 

37 

Germany 

250 

Spain 

15 

Total 

1,096 

5Y4 

1,670 

WORK  HOUSE. 


Census  for  the  Year, 


Number  on  hand  December  31  st,  1864. 
Number  received  during  tbe  year 


Total. 


Number  discharged 

Number  eloped  from  this  and 

other  Institutions 

Number  died  at  this  and  other 

Institutions 


MALES. 

FEMALES. 

3,691 

187 
39 

6,835  ' 

295 
40^ 

Number  remaining  on  Register 

And  of  this  number  there  are  transferred  to  other 
departments,  at  work,  sick,  etc 


Leaving  in  building. 


217 
4,100 


4,317 


3,917 

400 
97 


303 


1,016 
7,013 


8,029 


7,170 

859 
390 


469 


1,233 
11,113 


12,346 


11,087 

1,259 

487 


772 


The  daily  average  number  of  inmates  for  the  year  was  772§||, 
showing  a  decrease  of  IIIIbI  since  the  previous  year. 


APPEITDIX. 


91 


ALMS  HOUSE. 

The  following  is  a  comparative  Statement  of  Admissions  during  (he  last 

ten  years. 


NATIVES. 

FOBEIGNBRS. 

TOTAL. 

There  were  admitted  in  1856 

723 

875 

794 

718 

985 

1,537 

1,199 

1,201 

1,262 

1,378 

2,636 

3,329 
3,096 
3,013 
3,144 
3,255 
1,992 
1,642 
1,891 
2,212 

3,359 
4,204 

"             "             1857 

"             "             1858 

3,890 
3,731 
4,129 

"              "             1859 

"              "             1860 

"              «             1861 

4,792 
3,191 

2,843 

"              "             1862 

"              "             1863 

"              '*             1864 

3,153 
3,590 

"              "             1865     

CHILDEEN'S  NURSERIES,  RANDALL'S  ISLAND. 


ADULTS. 

CHILDREN. 

TOTAL. 

Remaining  December  31st,  1864, 

156 
143 

823 
1,544 

979 

Admitted,  1865  

1,687 

Discharged 

299 
122 

2,367 
1,463 

2,666 
1,585 

Elopements 

177 

904 
8 

1,081 
8 

Died 

177 

4 

896 
113 

1,073 
117 

Remaining  December  31st,  1865 

•  173 

783 

956 

CHILDEEN   TAKEN  FOR   INDENTURE. 


Boys 
Girls 


160 
,  97 


257 


CHILDREN   RETURNED   TO   RELATIVES. 


Boys 
Girls 


775 
,431 


1,206 


92  APPENDIX. 


NURSERY   HOSPITAL. 

Number  of  patients  remaining  January  1st,  1865 164 

"  "        admitted  during  the  year ]  ,582 

"  "       treated        "  "    1,746 

"  "        discharged"  "    1,421 

"  "       died  "  "    113 

"  "       remaining  January  1st,  1866 212 

Included  in  the  above  summary  of  deaths  are  seventeen  idiots,  who 
were  treated  and  who  died  in  the  Asylum.  The  whole  number  of 
deaths  in  the  Hospital  during  the  year  is  96. 

The  percentage  of  mortality  on  the  number  treated  is  6^^^.  The 
average  weekly  census  has  been  212f  f . 


COLORED  ORPHAN  ASYLUM. 

STATISTICS. 

Admitted  since  the  opening  of  the  Institution 1,384 

Number  of  children  at  date  of  last  report 209 

Admitted  :  boys 39 

girls 35 

74 

283 

Present  number  of  boys 119 

"  "  girls 103 

222 

Indentured 34 

Returned  to  friends 10 

Sent  to  Rhode  Island  to  school,  by  Mrs.  Stokes 2 

Left  without  permission 1 

Sent  to  the  House  of  Refuge 3 

Deaths • 11 

283 

COLORED  HOME. 

There  have  been  received  during  the  year  (including  those  on  hand 
at  last  report)  516  inmates,  of  which  number  299  have  been  discharged, 
or  have  died,  leaving  at  present  217  in  the  Institution. 


APPEI^DIX. 


93 


LUNATIC  ASYLUM. 

The  number  of  patients  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  was  759. 
There  were  admitted  during  the  year  525,  making  a  total  of  1,284.  Of 
these,  127,  or  ten  per  cent.,  died,  and  421  were  discharged,  leaving  736 
at  present  in  the  Asylum. 

Of  those  discharged,  142  were  unimproved,  83  were  improved,  192 
had  fully  recovered,  and  4  were  improper  subjects. 

Of  those  admitted,  87  had  attempted  suicide  previous  to  admission. 
Of  these  attempts,  11  had  been  by  jumping  from  heights,  8  by  drown- 
ing, 9  by  cutting  and  stabbing,  and  the  remainder  by  other  means.  A 
number  of  others  were  supposed  to  have  suicidal  propensities,  although 
no  attempt  was  known  to  have  been  made.  Only  two  serious  attempts 
at  suicide  were  made  at  the  Asylum — one  by  hanging  and  one  by 
drowning.  These  occurred  in  cases  shortly  after  admission,  and  were, 
unfortunately,  both  successful. 

Of  those  admitted,  133  were  native-born,  and  362  were  foreign.  Of 
the  foreign-born,  235  were  from  Ireland,  95  from  Germany,  28  from 
England,  and  the  rest  from  other  countries :  280  Catholics,  224  Prot- 
estants, and  21  Jews. 

OUT-DOOR  POOR. 

SUPERINTENDENT   OF   OTJT-DOOR  POOE. 

New  York,  December  31st,  1865. 
To  the  Commissionera  of  Public  Charities  arid  Correction : 

Gentlemen: — The  Superintendent  of  Out-Door  Poor  respectfully 
presents  the  accompanying  statistics  for  the  year  ending  December  31st, 
1865,  and  by  which  it  will  appear  that  3,743  adults  and  7,462  children 
have  been  relieved  by  donations  in  money,  and  15,481  adults  and  25,572 
children  with  fuel. 

The  total  amount  of  cash  disbursed  by  me  for  all  purposes  of  the  De- 
partment from  1st  January  to  31st  December,  1865,  was  $102,783  24. 
A  comparison  with  the  years  1863  and  1864  is  herewith  presented : 


1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

Donations,    including    Twelftii,    Nineteenth,    and 
Twenty-second  Wards.         

133,073  00 

.    3,160  35 

2,269  15 

11,885  82 

25,375  91 

9,049  57 

$39,957  97 
8,458  00 
2,198  17 
12,082  72 

88,834  18 

3,592  43 

$32,438  75 

3,659  75 

1,583  65 

12,538  63 

Children's  Nursing; 

Transportation  of  Paupers  and  Children 

Salaries 

Coal,  and  "Wood,  and  Cartage  for  1865,  including 
Twelfth,  Nineteenth,  and  Twenty-second  Wards.. 

Expenses  of  Office,  extra  compensation,  1865,  $1,975; 
stables,  feed,  horses,  stationery,  fuel,  coffins,  etc.. 

41,709  23 
10,853  23 

Less  cash  receipts 

$84,813  80 
2,902  25 

$100,123  47 
3,155  00 

$102,783  24 
4,059  00 

$82,911  15 

$96,968.47 

$98,724  24 

94 


APPENDIX. 


V.  EDUCATION. 


Recapitulation  of  theAverage  Attendance  and  Whole  Number  Taught, 
for  the  year  ending  Decemler  31,  1865. 


Grammar  Schools  and  Primary  Departments. 

Primary  Schools 

Colored  Schools 

Evening  Schools 

Free  Academy 

Normal  School 


Total  Ward,  etc.  Schools 

New  York  Orphan  Asylum 

Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum 

Protestant  Half-Orphan  Asylum 

House  of  Refuge 

Leake  and  Watts  Orphan  House 

Colored  Orphan  Asylum 

American  Female  Guardian  Society  and  Home  Industrial  School. 

New  York  Juvenile  Asylum 

House  of  Reception  of     " 

Ladies'  Home  Missionary  Society 

Five  Points  House  of  Industry 

Children's  Aid  Society 


Total 91,857    219,749 


Recapitulation  of  the  Actual 
Taught  by   Wards,  for  the 


Attendance  and  Whole  Number 
ending  the  Slst  day  of  Decem- 


First  Ward.... 
Second  Ward... 
Third  "Ward . .  . 
Fourth  Ward... 
Fifth  Ward.... 
Sixth  Ward.... 
Seventh  Ward.. 
Eighth  Ward... 
Ninth  Ward... 
Tenth  Ward.... 
Eleventh  Ward 
Twelfth  Ward. 


ii 

sss 

<  > 

ill 

1,424 

3,228 

225 

473 

179 

336 

1,977 

5,282 

2,083 

4,641 

2,618 

6,367 

3,145 

8,062 

3,216 

7,462 

4,635 

10,929 

5,144 

12,485 

5,591 

13,448 

3,738 

9,966 

WARDS. 

h9   S 
-< 

ill 

fe  b  ■< 

Thirteenth  "Ward 

3,328 
2,451 
3,462 
4,724 

5,287 
3,438 
2,839 
6,114 
3,783 
5,560 

8,458 
6,220 

Fifteenth  Ward  

7,657 
10,055 
13,587 

8.270 

7,501 
18  942 

9,032 
13,495 

Sixteenth  Ward 

Seventeenth  "Ward 

Eighteenth  Ward 

Nineteenth  Ward     

Twentieth  Ward 

Twenty-first  Ward 

Twenty-second  Ward 

Total 

74.961 

180,896 

APPENDIX. 


95 


EVENmG  SCHOOLS. 

Average  Attendance  and  Whole  Number  Taught  in  the  Evening  Sc7looIs 
for  the  year  ending  the  Slst  day  of  December,  1865. 


MALE   S0H0OL8. 

FEMALE  SCHOOLS. 

WABDB. 

AVERAGE. 

WHOLE 
NUMBER. 

AVERAGE. 

WHOLE 
NUMBKR. 

Firpt 

192 

164 
320 
236 
243 
339 
336 
377 
451 
110 
99 
93 
243 
311 
370 
464 
384 
361 
310 
390 
316 
222 
352 
254 
70 
72 

607 

349 

684 
595 
596 
753 

1,251 
895 

1,287 
287 
215 
269 
951 
746 
842 
894 
547 
926 
424 
907 
850 
571 
594 
565 
245 
157 

199 

234 

173 

187 

127 

188 

201 

206 

354 
32 
55 
No  Female 

194 

236 

225 

360 

232 

182 
98 

276 

277 

197 
No  Female 

175 

360 

Fourth         . .         

435 

Fifth 

Sixth 

456 
224 

Seventh . .        

213 

Eighth 

363 

Kinth 

471 

Tenth      .                      

356 

Eleventh 

530 

Twelfth,  Harlem- 

65 

"         Yorkville                       .       ... 

70 

"        Manhattanville 

School, 

Thirteenth 

195 

359 

Sixteenth 

275 

Seventeenth,  HonBton  Street 

"           Twelfth  Street 

439 
316 

Eighteenth 

252 

Nineteenth        .   .       .        .       .     . 

141 

Twentieth 

462 

Twenty-first      

433 

Twenty-second,  Fortieth  Street 

"              Forty-fourth  Street 

401 
School 

"              Forty-eeventh  Street 

Eighth,  Colored 

233 

Sixteenth,    "    

.... 

7,079 

17,007 

4,408 

7,049 

Average  attendance — Male  and  Female  Schools 
Whole  Numher  Taught  "  "  " 


.11,487 
.24,057 


COKPORATE  SCHOOLS. 


NUMBER  OF 
SESSIONS. 


WHOLE 

NUMBER. 


New  York  Orphan  Asylum 

Koman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum- 
Male  Department 

Female        "         

Protestant  Half-Orphan  Asylum 

House  of  Refuge — 

Male  Department 

Female         "         

Leake  and  Watts  Orphan  House— 

Male  Department 

Female        "         

Colored  Orphan  Asylum 

American  Female  Guardian  Society  and  Home  Indus 

trial  School 

New  York  Juvenile  Asylum 

House  of  Reception  of     "     

Ladies'  Home  Missionary  Society , 

Five  Points  House  of  Industry , 

Children's  Aid  Society 

Total 


494 


506 
506 

231 

468 
500 

459 
573 
514 
482 
512 
4,694 


158 


449 
358 


673 
167 

74 

68 
180 

794 
563 
129 
273 
327 
784 


183 

502 
402 
200 

1,119 
356 

85 

79 

241 

2,041 
1,032 
839 
1,117 
1,664 
2,680 


5,183 


13,440 


96 


APPENDIX 


Average  Attendance  and  Whole  Number   Taught^   in  detail^  for  the 
year  ending  the  ^Ist  day  of  December^  1865. 


Ward  Schools — Boys'  Department 
Girls' 
"  Primary      " 

Primary  Schools 

Colored  Schools 

Evening  Schools  —Male 

"  Female 

Free  Academy 

Normal  Schools 

Corporate  Schools 

Total 


AVERAGE. 

WHOLE 
NUMBER. 

13,437 

29,469 

12,439 

26,306 

33,035 

84,854 

15,255 

38,155 

795 

2,112 

7,079 

17,007 

4,408 

7,049 

788 

226 

569 

5,183 

13,440 

91,857 


219,749 


STATE   SCHOOL  TAX. 

The  tahle  annexed  shows  the  State  School  Tax  levied  in  each  year, 
during  the  last  thirteen  years,  on  the  taxable  property  of  the  State, 
the  amount  collected  in  the  city  of  New  York,  with  the  sum  re-appor- 
tioned : 


TBABS. 

AGOREOATE   STATE 
TAX  FOB  SCHOOLS. 

AMOUNT  OF   SCHOOL 

TAX  PAID    BY  THE 
CITY  TO  THE  STATE. 

AMOUNT  OF   SCHOOL 

TAX  APPORTIONED  TO 

NEW  YORK  OITY  BY 

THE  STATE. 

1853 

$800,000    00 

800,000  00 
800,000  00 
1,072,362  83 
1,073,768  97 
1,052,853  75 
1,053,873  04 
1,064,473  15 
1,064,473  15 
1,081,325  57 
1,087,562  90 
1,090,841  11 
1,125,749  90 

$241,553  19 
257,616  11 
271,639  40 
383,805  37 
390,403  96 
398,416  98 
399,677  61 
412,550  00 
412,550  00 
428,309  40 
412,218  23 
410,562  02 
432,000  12 

$130,701  05 

1854 

131,808  48 

1855 

1856 

1857 

132,711  68 
146.522  41 
202,905  90 

1858 

212,889  55 

1859 

207,332  95 

1860. 

207,990  35 

1861 

212,768  99 

1862 

245,080  34 

1863 

250,616  99 

1864 

252,265  54 

1865 

260,896  82 

Total 

$13,147,284  37 

$4,851,307  09 

$2,594,491  05 

From  the  above  statement  it  appears  that  the  amount  of 
State  School  Tax  paid  by  this  city,  during  the  last 
twelve  years,  was $4,851,307  09 


APPENDIX. 


97 


The  amount  apportioned  to  this  county  bj  the  State  dur- 
ing the  same  period  was,  2,594,491  05 

Amount  retained  by  the  State  Government  for  distribu- 
tion in  other  counties 2,256,816  04 


COLORED  SCHOOLS. 


OOLORED   SCHOOLS. 

si 

'I 

1 

•< 

It 

la 

LOCATION  OP  SCHOOLS. 

Colored  School,  No.  1— 

Boys'  Department. . . . 

Girls'           « 
Colored  School  No.  2— 

Boys'  Department. . 

Girls' 

Primary      '« 

Colored  School  No.  4. 

Colored  School  No.  5 

Colored  School  No.  6 

Colored  School  No.  7 

Colored  Primary  School  ? 

Nos.  2and3 S 

400 
400 

431 

432 
431 
425 
432 
434 
432 

432 

84 
99 

51 
78 
124 
13 
60 
118 
128 

40 

204 
277 

107 
190 
370 
37 
159 
341 
327 
100 

1 14th  Ward,  135  Mulberry  street,  between 
S        Grand  and  Hester  streets. 

)8th  Ward,  51  and  53  Laurens  street, 
1         near  Broome. 

12th  Ward,  120th  street  near  4th  av. 
5th  Ward,  147  Franklin  street. 
20th  Ward,  1325  Broadway. 
16th  Ward,  98  West  17th  street. 

nth  Ward,  2d  street,  near  Avenue  C. 

795 

2,112 

THE  CENTRAL  PARK. 

The  Park  has  cost,  up  to  December  31st,  1866,  $9,763,895  98,  and 
since  it  was  begun  the  property  in  the  vicinity  pays  an  increased  tax  of 
$1,034,551  81,  and  has  an  increased  valuation  of  $34,600,395. 

The  Drive  and  Ride  are  completed.  Of  the  Drive  there  was  com- 
pleted previous  to  January  1st,  1865,  9  miles  176  feet;  completed  during 
1865,  2,389  feet,  or  9yVg5y  i^iiles  in  all.  Of  the  Bridle  Road,  completed 
previous  to  January  1st,  1865,  5j%^-^^  miles.  Of  the  walks,  completed 
previous  to  January  1st,  1865,  23  miles  1,408  feet ;  completed  during 
1865,  2  miles  1,906  feet,  or  25j%%\  miles  in  all. 

Allowing  an  average  of  three  persons  to  each  vehicle  passing  into 
the  Park,  the  following  will  show  approximately  the  number  of  persons 
who  have  entered  the  Park  for  the  past  four  years : 

1862. 4,195,515 

1863 ...  4,327,409 

1864 5,740,079 

1865 7,593,139 

The  results  are  believed  to  be  nearly  correct ;  the  probability  is  that 
they  are  under  rather  than  over-stated. 
7 


98 


APPENDIX. 


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APPENDIX.  99 


VI.  EELIGION. 


NEW  YORK  CITY  MISSION. 

EESULTS  OF  THE  TBAE  1865. 

11  Mission  stations. 

43  Missionaries,  and  an  average  of  667  visitors. 

64,314  Missionary  visits. 

840,591  Tracts  distributed. 

626  Bibles  given, 

^         '  ^  On  behalf  of  the  New  York  BlWe  Society. 


.} 


834  Testaments  given 
2,652  Volumes  loaned. 
2,573  Children  led  to  Sabbath-schools. 

527  Children  led  to  day-schools. 

303  Persons  to  Bible  classes. 
5,980  Persons  to  church  and  mission. 

437  Temperance  pledges. 
4,307  Religious  meetings. 

124  Backsliders  reclaimed. 

464  Persons  united  with  churches. 

EESIJLTS  OF  THIETY  TEAES,   FEOM  1835   TO   1864. 

31,247,072  Tracts  in  English  and  other  languages  distributed. 
34,196  Bibles  supplied  to  the  destitute. 
40,080  Testaments  supplied  to  children  and  others. 
140,660  Volumes  lent  from  ward  libraries. 
86,040  Children  gathered  into  Sabbath,  and 
11,905  Into  day-schools. 

6,607  Persons  gathered  into  Bible  classes. 
73,361  Persons  induced  to  attend  church. 
32,016  Temperance  pledges  obtained. 
58,548  Religious  meetings  held. 

1,397  Backsliders  reclaimed. 

9,912  Persons  hopefully  converted :  and 

7,330  Converts  united  with  evangelical  churches. 


100 


APPENDIX. 


NEW  YORK  ASSOCIATION  FOR  IMPROVING  THE  CONDITION 
OF  THE  POOR. 

A  Tabular  Exhibit  of  the  Operations  of  the  Association,  including  the 
Receipts,  Bequests,  and  Disbursements,  since  its  Organization  in  1844. 


FAMILIES 

PERSONS 

TEARS. 

VISITORS. 

VISITS. 

RECEIPTS. 

MENTS. 

RELIEVED. 

BELIEVED. 

1844.... 

244 

10,042 

$10,522 

$8,704 

1,560 

6,240 

1845.... 

276 

18,044 

16,692 

17,338 

2,896 

11,554 

1846.... 

297 

25,963 

24,644 

24,327 

5,200 

20,840 

1847.... 

298 

26,435 

24,659 

24,040 

5,580 

25,110 

1848.... 

299 

28,040 

25,078 

25,483 

5,340 

24  030 

1849.... 

300 

30,590 

28,753 

26,551 

6,672 

29,844 

1850.... 

317 

27,180 

25,807 

23,821 

5,725 

25,762 

1851... 

324 

29,277 

33,656 

32,327 

6,202 

24,992 

1852.... 

337 

27,284 

34,577 

33,866 

6,307 

25,922 

1853.... 

357 

25,203 

31,359 

29,692 

5,468 

24,606 

1854.... 

361 

28,142 

35,637 

34.661 

5.977 

26,896 

1855.... 

378 

55,893 

90,445 

95,878 

15,549 

62,396 

1856.... 

378 

43,244 

48,811 

51,059 

10,879 

43.516 

1857.... 

378 

32,294 

42,480 

42,085 

8,154 

32,732 

1858.... 

382 

48,173 

66,578 

'      67,094 

13,842 

54.268 

1859.... 

377 

46,944 

44,592 

44,855 

9,281 

44,577 

I860.... 

362 

40,886 

37,986 

40,565 

8,031 

35,942 

1861.... 

364 

44,569 

40,516 

43,725 

8,532 

38,394 

1862.... 

364 

36,732 

33,382 

33,461 

7,583 

33,815 

1863.... 

364 

13,482 

36,293 

32,934 

4,357 

19,532 

1864.... 

366 

18,106 

47,788 

47,416 

4,696 

20,810 

1865.... 

366 

22,309 

43,975 

49,300 

5,573 

22,285 

1866.... 

366 

24,222 

51,643 

45,089 

5,115 

19,878 

Sundry 

Bequests 

.... 

84,000 

84,000 

.... 

.... 

Tota 

il 

703,104 

$959,873 

$958,271 

158,519 

673,941 

DISPENSARIES. 

NAME  OF  DISPENSARY  AND  DATE  OF  ITS  INOOEPORATION  AND  OEGANIZATION. 


NAME. 

INCORPORATED. 

ORGANIZED. 

1    New  York       

A.  D.  1794. 
A.  D.  1827. 
A.  D.  1882. 
A.  D.  1851. 
A.  D.  1852. 
A.  D.  1862. 
A.  D.  1862. 

A.  D.  1791. 

2.  Northern 

3.  Eastern 

A.  D.  1827. 
A.  D.  1834. 

4    Demilt             

A.  D.  1851. 

5    North-Western.   ..                

A.  D.  1852. 

6    North-Eastern          

A.  D.  1862. 

7*  Manhattan 

A.  D.  1862. 

APPENDIX.  101 

The  most  complete  account  of  the  workings  of  these  institutions  is 
from  the  report  of  1862,  which  gives  a  good  idea  of  their  present  value. 

Number  of  male  Patients  in 1862 59,518 

"       of  female  Patients "    86,085 

"       treated  at  Dispensaries..    "    118,409 

"       treated  at  their  dwellings  **    27,189 

Whole  number  of  Patients  treated  in  1862 145,598 

Whole  number  of  primary  vaccinations  in 1862 13,841 

"  "         Re-vaccinations "    4,567 

"  "         Persons  vaccinated "    18,408 

"  "         Adult  patients "    80,069 

"  "  Infant  Patients "    65,529 

"  "         Patientsof  American  birth "   63,867 

"  "  "        of  foreign  origin "    81,231 

•*  "  "        sent  to  Hospital "    6,437 

"  "         Deaths  of  Patients "    863 

"  "         Prescriptions  dispensed "    274,648 

General  average  number  of  prescriptions  dispensed  to  each  patient  (ex- 
cluding vaccinees— 18,403=127,190  patients)  in  1862 2.16 

Aggregate  amount  of  expenditures  of  the  seven  Dispensaries  for  the 
year  1862,  excluding  cost  of  repairs  and  management,  or  permanent 
improvement  of  property $21,199  19 

General  average  cost  of  medicines,  and  medical,  surgical,  and  vaccine 

service  to  each  patient,  for  the  year  1862 14i  ctS' 

Average  number  of  years  during  which  medical  charity  has  been  ex- 
tended to  the  sick-poor  of  New  York  by  the  Dispensaries 22.8 

Whole  number  of  persons  vaccinated  by  all  the  Dispensaries  since  the 
year  1804,  or  since  the  era  of  the  discovery  of  the  protective  power 
of  vaccine 275,844 

Whole  number  of  the  poor  of  New  York  who  have  received  medicine, 
and  medical,  surgical,  and  vaccine  service  gratuitously,  from  all 
the  Dispensaries  since  the  organization  of  the  first,  in  1791,  a  pe- 
riod of  seventy-two  years 2,497,207 

Aggregate  amount  of  expenditures  of  the  several  Dispensaries  during 
the  same  period,  for  medicine,  salaries  for  medical  and  surgical  ser- 
vice, etc $426,868  66 

General  average  cost  of  medicines,  and  medical,  surgical,  and  vaccine 
service  to  each  Dispensary  patient,  from  February  1st,  1791,  to  De- 
cember 31st,  1862 17  cts. 

Average  number  of  patients  treated  annually,  for  the  average  twenty- 
two  and  eight-tenths  years  that  the  Dispensaries  have  been  organ- 
ized and  in  operation 109,f)27 

RECAPITULATION    FOB  1862. 

Total  value  of  Dispensary  medical  service $215,190 

Total  value  of  the  time  saved  to  the  sick-poor 102,555 

Estimated  pecuniary  value  of  the  Dispensary  system $317,745 

Deduct  amount  expended  in  support  of  the  system 21,199 

Estimated  saving  to  the  public  by  the  Dispensary  system $296,546 


102 


APPENDIX. 


VII.      IMMIGRATION 


8H0WING  THE  NUMBEE8  AND  NATIVITIES  OF  ALIEN  EMIGEANTS  WHO  AEEIVED 


COTTNTRY  OP  BIRTH. 


Ireland 

Germany 

England 

Scotland 

France 

Switzerland 

Holland 

Wales 

Norway 

Sweden 

Italy 

Belgium 

Spain 

West  Indies 

Denmark 

Poland 

Sardinia 

South  America. . . 

Portugal 

Nova  Scotia 

Russia 

Canada 

Mexico 

Sicily 

China 

East  Indies 

Greece 

Turkey 

Arabia 

Africa 

Unknown 

Australia 

Central  America. 

Annual  Totals. 


1847. 

1848. 

1849. 

1850. 

1851. 

1852. 

1853. 

1864. 

1855. 

52,946 

91,061 

112,591 

117,038 

163,306 

118,131 

113,164 

82,302 

43,043 

53,180 

51,973 

55,705 

45,535 

69,919 

118,611 

119,644 

176,986 

52,892 

8,864 

23,062 

28,321 

28,163 

28,663 

31,661 

27,126 

30,578 

22,938 

2,364 

6,416 

8,840 

6,772 

7,302 

7,694 

6,466 

4,909 

4,240 

3,330 

2,734 

2,683 

3,462 

5,964 

8,868 

7,470 

7,986 

4,174 

1,947 

1,622 

1,405 

2,380 

4,499 

6,471 

4,604 

8,883 

3,273 

8,611 

1,660 

2,447 

1,174 

1,798 

1,223 

1,085 

1,466 

822 

472 

1,064 

1,782 

1,620 

2,189 

2,631 

1,182 

1,288 

1,118 

882 

1,207 

3,300 

3,150 

2,112 

1,889 

S77 

81 

203 

139 

166 

1,097 

1,110 

872 

2,005 

1,630 

1,859 

304 

197 

321 

602 

476 

618 

369 

553 

785 

667 

551 

.... 

118 

230 

475 

82 

34 

398 

1,201 

101 

253 

214 

257 

278 

471 

659 

646 

457 

299 

392 

449 

554 

576 

266 

.... 

11 

19 

95 

52 

159 

90 

229 

157 

94 

102 

174 

26 

79 

133 

188 

422 

188 

186 

169 

346 

.... 

... 

172 

165 

98 

69 

72 

148 

67 

.... 

31 

33 

104 

121 

120 

175 

111 

112 

34 

57 

287 

65 

26 

37 

237 

205 

24 

.... 

.... 

151 

164 

81 

73 

6 

128 

9 

10 

28 

38 

18 

28 

33 

39 

55 

20 

.... 

59 

61 

50 

48 

2 

64 

.... 

12 

23 

41 

42 

23 

51 

34 

20 

.... 

.... 

21 

28 

12 

42 

37 

58 

18 

.... 

2 

9 

11 

22 

14 

53 

20 

18 

23 

.... 

34 

32 

10 

18 

.... 

5 

.... 

1 

6 

4 

1 

11 

1 

7 

3 

.... 

.... 

6 

8 

4 

4 

5 

10 

6 

2 

:::: 

95 

:::: 

;;•:; 

:::: 

:::: 

.... 

.... 

:::: 

129,062 

182,176 

220,603 

212,796 

289,601 

800,989 

284,946 

319,223 

136,233 

APPENDIX. 


103 


TABLE. 


AT  THE  POET   OP  NEW   YOEK,    FEOM  MAY   6,    1847,   TO   OCTOBEB   1,    1866. 


1856. 

1857. 

1858. 

1869. 

1660. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

1866. 

TOTAL. 

44,276 

57,119 

25,075 

32,652 

47,330 

25,784 

32,217 

92,157 

89,399 

70,462 

73,258 

1,483,311 

56,113 

80,974 

31,874 

28,270 

37,899 

27,139 

27,740 

35,002 

57,446 

83,451 

81,287 

1,291,640 

23,787 

28,622 

12,324 

10,375 

11,361 

5,632 

7,975 

18,757 

23,710 

27,286 

28,624 

427,609 

4,723 

5,170 

2,718 

2,325 

1,617 

659 

692 

1,937 

3,126 

3,962 

3,917 

85,828 

2,984 

3,069 

1,786 

i;532 

1,549 

1,200 

1,187 

1,303 

1,804 

2,059 

2,390 

67,534 

2,559 

2,454 

1,315 

791 

1,442 

1,398 

1,254 

1,194 

1,652 

2,513 

2,769 

55,405 

1,666 

1,734 

348 

261 

440 

331 

456 

407 

615 

729 

211 

22,384 

1,376 

887 

566 

500 

811 

697 

1,062 

1,143 

659 

505 

494 

21,816 

438 

62 

3 

36 

53 

93 

22 

238 

88 

158 

484 

14,879 

918 

619 

237 

318 

361 

382 

663 

1,370 

1,516 

2,337 

3,818 

21,630 

690 

596 

669 

399 

542 

750 

487 

444 

475 

591 

674 

10,895 

850 

444 

253 

57 

76 

165 

195 

456 

186 

97 

120 

5,988 

380 

263 

146 

234 

228 

190 

124 

202 

196 

224 

250 

5,721 

225 

330 

344 

416 

523 

165 

156 

256 

236 

283 

201 

5,699 

469 

453 

284 

493 

495 

612 

1,689 

1,580 

565 

427 

1,458 

9,977 

142 

245 

88 

114 

80 

43 

50 

137 

198 

428 

207 

3,464 

426 

405 

324 

164 

89 

67 

39 

2,305 

163 

66 

92 

138 

110 

88 

92 

"eo 

'i24 

*i69 

"i34 

1,983 

30 

93 

27 

45 

19 

14 

13 

3 

34 

42 

93 

1,385 

30 

40 

18 

81 

23 

11 

67 

77 

40 

77 

34 

1,110 

19 

11 

13 

13 

22 

36 

46 

47 

37 

93 

130 

731 

57 

30 

17 

25 

25 

19 

33 

17 

35 

43 

27 

612 

19 

11 

13 

13 

22 

45 

13 

38 

92 

70 

54 

636 

10 

26 

19 

1 

4 

1 

9 

1 

3 

3 

.... 

293 

8 

11 

15 

4 

13 

10 

15 

5 

41 

86 

13 

320 

,, 

., 

7 

.. .. 

4 

2 

1 

3 

1 

7 

15 

162 

2 

8 

2 

6 

2 

1 

6 

2 

13 

5 

3 

85 

4 

.... 

6 

8 

3 

5 

3 

2 

5 

5 

8 

82 

8 

20 

'.'.'.'. 

'.'.'.'. 

.. . . 

;;;; 

'.'.'.'. 

.... 

.... 

'**6 

.... 

*•  *  * 

"14 

.. .. 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

95 





..'.'. 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

"is 

\i 

29 
10 

142,315 

183,742 

78,583 

79,266 

105,123 

65,539 

76,306 

156,844 

182,296 

196,852 

200,711 

3,542,705 

104 


APPENDIX. 


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APPENDIX. 


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106  APPEOT)IX. 


VIII.   MISCELLANEOUS. 


OHILDKEN'S  AID  SOCIETY. 

This  Society  has  been  in  existence  thirteen  years,  and  has  paid 
$304,190  99  in  charity. 

ANALYSIS   OF   DISBIJESEMENTS  FOB  TEAE  ENDING  FEBErAEY   IST,  1866. 

Industrial  Schools  (13  in  number) $16,681  16 

Donations  by  individuals  for  special  purposes 1,712  99 

Newsboys'  Lodging-House 10,058  13 

Girls'  Lodging-House 7,356  44 

Emigration  Account 18,735  72 

Refuge  for  Homeless  Children  (corner  of  Twenty- 
fourth  street  and  Eighth  avenue) 1,322  59 

Salaries  and  Compensation  to  13  different  persons  9,422  06 
General  expenses,  printing,  rent,  postage,  etc.,  etc.  6,754  56 

$72,043  65 

Balance  on  hand,  February  1st,  1866 2,206  08 

Total. . , $74,249  73 

EMIGEATION   OF   CHILDEEN. 

The  following  table  embraces  thirteen  years : 

Sent,  up  to  February  1,  1854. 207 

"  February  1,  1855 863 

"  February  1,  1856 936 

"  February  1,  1857 742 

«  February  1,  1858 733 

"  February  1,  1859 779 

"  February  1,  1860 814 

"  February  1,  1861 804 

"  February  1,  1862 884 

"  February  1,  1863 791 

"  February  1,  1864 1,034 

"  February  1,  1865 1,235 

«  February  1, 1866 1,450 

Total 11,272 


APPENDIX. 


107 


Eleven  thousand  two  hundred  and  seventy-two  rescued  from  almost 
certain  destruction  1  At  least  ten  thousand  of  these  may  be  regarded  as 
saved,  who,  but  for  the  interposition  of  the  Children's  Aid  Society, 
would  have  been  lost.  If,  as  we  are  told,  there  is  rejoicing  over  one 
sinner  saved,  have  not  the  friends  of  the  Society  abundant  cause  for 
thankfulness  and  gratitude  ? 

The  report  of  the  Children's  Aid  Society,  from  which  these  state- 
ments are  taken,  sums  up  the  long  and  effective  service  of  this  institu- 
tion to  the  welfare  of  the  city,  and  proves  the  priceless  worth  of  the 
ministry  of  Kev.  Charles  L.  Brace  among  the  children  and  youth  of 
New  York.  His  volume  of  Plain  Sermons  to  Newsboys  is  the  first  fruit 
of  what  should  be  a  new  department  of  literature  or  oratory — the  adap- 
tation of  great  truths  and  duties  to  minds  of  little  culture  and  many 
trials,  wants,  and  temptations, 

GTELS'  LODGING  HOUSE. 

STATEMENT. 


February  1st,  1865,  in  House. 

Since  received 

March,  1865 


April, 

May,        "  ... 

June,       "  . . . 

July,        "  ... 

August,  "  . . . 

Sept.,      "  ... 

Oct.,       "  ... 

Nov.,      "  ... 

Dec,       "  ... 
January,  1866. 


Number 

of 
Lodgers. 


39 

57 

62 

74 

76 

74 

61 

73 

88 

104 

102 

102 

105 


Total 1,017 


Number 

of 
Lodgings. 


1,070 
1,238 
1,205 
1,348 
1,304 
1,311 
1,052 
1,058 
1,254 
1,364 
1,454 
1,593 


15,251 


Number 

of 

Lodgings 

Paid 


463 
485 
374 
343 
289 
245 
315 
313 
421 
351 
309 
345 


4,259 


Number 

of 
Meals. 


3,391 

3,780 
3,354 
3,812 
3,836 
3,265 
3  092 
3,849 
4,428 
4,452 
4,550 
4,917 


46,726 


Number 

of 

Meals 

Paid. 


1,159 

1,215 

932 

877 
724 
615 
790 
784 
1,062 
878 
772 
846 


10,644 


Average  cost  per  meal,  5^  cents. 

121  girls  sent  to  situations. 
45     "     found  employment. 
21     "    sent  to  other  institutions. 
32     "    gone  West. 
35     "    returned  to  frieuds. 
About  3,000  garments  have  been  made. 
6 


108 


APPENDIX. 


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APPEISDIX. 


109 


THE   COOPER  UNION  FOR  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 


This  Institution  has  now  been  in  operation  seven  years, 
have  been  $168,191  84,  and  its  expenses  $164,163  57. 


Its  receipts 


TRADES  AND  PEOFESftlONS  OF  THE  PUPILS  OF  THE  COOPEK  UNION 


Clerks  and  Bookkeepers 

Machinists  and  Iron  Workers 

Teachers  and  Students 

Carpenters  and  Cabinet  Makers. . . . 
Draughtsmen  and  Pattern  Makers. 

Masons  and  Builders 

Stone  and  Marble  Cutters 

Painters 

Piano  Forte  Makers 

Engineers 

Carvers  and  Turners 

Engravers  and  Lithographers 

Photographers 

Blacksmiths 

Artists 

Jewellers  and  Watchmakers 

Printers 

Gardeners 

Bookbinders 

Glass  Stainers 

Sundry  Occupations 


Totals 210 


40 
221 


11 


32 


251 


33 


228  I     15 


271 


73 

20 

11 

20 

19 

10 

13 

44 

54 

10 

8 

6 

22 

24 

7 

5 

7 

162 

1,067 


NUMBER    OF   VISITORS   TO   THE   READING  ROOM. 


January. ., 
February., 
March...., 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October.... 
November 
December. 

Total. 


1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

18,532 

24,240 

19,866 

17,389 

16,365 

20,044 

24,113 

18,369 

15,602 

15,021 

23,696 

22,543 

20,693 

16,911 

15,296 

18,735 

20,470 

19,327 

13,335 

15,992 

18,739 

19,597 

15,996 

12,962 

15,430 

16,230 

17,956 

11.936 

12,786 

14.442 

15,098 

16,459 

13,331 

11,676 

13,986 

6,299* 

10,914* 

8,501* 

3,388* 

4,701* 

17,888 

17,546 

16,796 

16,270 

18,045 

2  ,371 

19,884 

17,970 

16,762 

18,320 

17,234 

19,630 

16,288 

16,871 

19,368 

21,344 

15,244 

17,889 

18,919 

16,460 

219,710 

228,616 

194,862 

171,871 

18.^,426 

1865. 


Closed  during  part  of  the  month. 


110  APPEm)ix. 

MERCANTILE  LIBRARY  ASSSOOIATION. 
The  number  of  volumes  added  during  the  past  year  was, 

By  donation r 170 

By  purchase 8,853 

9,023 
Of  which,  were 

Folios  and  Quartos 85 

Octavos 8,080 

Duodecimos 5,858 

9,023 

Less  duplicate  volumes  sold 1,074 

Net  increase  of  books 7,949 

Number  of  volumes  in  Library,  as  per  last  report 73,175 

Present  number  of  volumes 81,124 

The  additions  are  of  the  following  classes : 

Theology Ill 

Mental  and  Moral  Science,  and  General  Literature 617 

Political  Science,  Law,  etc 292 

History,  Biography,  and  Travels 1,207 

Natural  Sciences 62 

Medicine 49 

Useful  Arts 88 

Encyclopsadic 4 

Fiction 6,593 

9,023 

The  number  of  volumes  delivered  from  the  Library  was 118,842 

From  Up-Town  Branch 36,110 

From  Down-Town  Office 23,266 

Total 178,218 

NEW  YORK  SOCIETY  LIBRARY. 

This  Library  now  contains  over  52,000  volumes,  and  its  annual  re- 
ceipts are,  by  the  Report  of  1866,  $5,943  61,  a  poor  and  beggarly  sum 
for  the  oldest  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  city,  and  the  only  avowedly 
family  library.  The  number  of  books  taken  out  yearly  has  increased, 
since  1861-2,  from  19,109  to  32,642.  The  yearly  assessment  has  been 
raised  from  six  to  ten  dollars,  and  the  number  of  books  may  be  expected 
to  increase. 


APPENDIX.  Ill 


THE  ASTOR  LIBRARY. 


This  institution,  which  was  incorporated  January  18th,  1849,  is  one 
of  the  most  significant  facts  that  introduced  this  city  to  its  rank  as  a 
cosmopolitan  centre  of  learning.  It  does  for  the  higher  literature  what 
the  Cooper  Institute  does  for  popular  instruction,  and  the  two  corahine 
to  provide  our  scholars  and  our  people  at  large  with  priceless  opportu- 
nities of  improvement.  The  original  endowment  of  the  Astor  Library 
was  $400,000,  which  has  been  increased  by  over  $300,000  by  Wm.  B. 
Astor,  son  of  John  Jacob  Astor,  $50,000  of  the  sum  having  lately  been 
given,  $20,000  of  the  donation  to  go  for  the  immediate  purchase  of 
books,  and  the  balance  towards  the  endowment. 

The  present  number  of  volumes  in  the  Library,  including  pamphlets, 
is  about  145,000.  These  are  the  main  facts  from  the  report  of  the 
trustees  for  1866 : 

The  Library  continues  to  be  largely  and  advantageously  used  by  the 
public.  The  report  of  the  superintendent  exhibits  in  tabular  form  the 
number  of  readers  monthly  during  the  year,  in  the  departments,  respec- 
tively, of  science  and  art,  and  of  history  and  literature,  arranged  under 
fiifty-three  separate  subdivisions.  It  is  believed  to  be  of  general  interest 
in  showing  the  comparative  tendencies  of  the  public  mind  to  different 
branches  of  knowledge.  >. 

The  number  of  readers  in  both  the  departments  was  19,540;  of 
whom  11,282  were  occupied  with  history  and  literature,  and  8,258  with 
science  and  art. 

In  addition  to  these,  3,545  were  admitted  into  the  alcoves ;  1,374 
having  been  occupied  in  history  and  literature,  and  2,171  in  the  various 
branches  of  science  and  art. 

The  whole  number  of  books  read  during  the  year  was  44,966. 

By  the  treasurer's  report  it  will  appear  that  $3,375  53  was  expended 
during  the  year  for  books  and  binding ;  that  the  income  of  the  Library 
was  $11,169  10,  from  a  total  investment  of  $184,868  39,  and  the  ex- 
penses were  $8,427  88. 

,  The  report  of  the  superintendent  shows  that  there  were  added  to 
the  Library  during  the  year,  by  purchase,  exclusive  of  periodicals  and 
transactions  of  learned  societies,  587  volumes  and  63  pamphlets,  and  by 
donations,  196  volumes  and  112  pamphlets. 


112  APPENDIX. 


.     NOTES    OF    THE   ERIE    CANAL. 

New  York  City,  January  18^^,  1867. 

My  Deae  Dk.  Osgood  : — I  have  your  kind  note  of  yesterday,  in 
which  you  ask  for  some  facts  illustrating  the  interest  which  your  friend 
and  fellow-laborer  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society — my  father — 
took  in  the  project  of  connecting  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  with  those  of 
the  Atlantic.  Cadwallader  D.  Colden,  in  his  elaborate  memoir^  has 
given  so  full  an  account  of  the  building  of  the  great  work,  and  paid 
such  ample  justice  to  its  originators,  that,  perhaps,  I  cannot  better  meet 
your  wishes,  than  by  confining  myself  to  such  topics  as  shall  enable  a 
younger  generation  to  recall  more  vividly  the  painful  agency  of  the  Erie 
Canal  in  developing  the  internal  resources  of  our  State. 

Great  as  was  the  assistance  given  to  the  canal  project  by  the  act  of 
the  New  York  Legislature  of  the  8th  of  April,  1811,  the  obstacles  in 
the  way  of  its  successful  completion  were  by  no  means  removed.  The 
same  incredulity  as  to  the  practicability  of  the  canal,  and  the  same  ap- 
prehensions as  to  the  capacity  of  the  State,  continued  to  raise  a  fierce 
opposition  in  the  Legislature  against  any  appropriations  for  carrying  on 
the  work  which  it  had  itself  authorized.  Many  attempts  were  accord- 
ingly made  to  arrest,  or  at  least  curtail  and  postpone  the  project ;  and 
often,  during  the  progress  of  the  undertaking,  it  seemed  as  if  it  would 
be  utterly  abandoned.  Party  spirit,  at  that  time,  ran  high ;  and  the 
greatest  efibrt,  on  the  part  of  its  supporters,  was  required  to  persuade 
the  people  of  the  State  to  give  it  their  support  at  the  polls.  In  accom- 
plishing this  result,  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  of  this  city,  gave  power- 
ful aid.  That  paper,  which  had  always  been  the  organ  of  the  Federal- 
ists, became,  upon  Mr.  Stone's  assuming  its  management  in  1820,  a 
staunch  advocate  of  the  Clintonians.  A  strong  personal  friendship  for 
Mr.  Clinton,  on  the  part  of  its  editor,  together  with  a  firm  conviction 
of  the  necessity  for  a  canal  through  the  interior  of  New  York  State,  led 
to  the  position  thus  assumed.  The  trials  and  rebuffs  experienced  by 
Governor  Clinton  and  his  supporters  in  pushing  the  canal  project,  and 
the  energy  which  fought  it  through  to  a  triumphant  end,  are  matters  of 
history.  The  Erie  Canal  was  completed  in  the  fall  of  1825.  At  ten 
o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  twenty-sixth  of  October  of  the  same  year, 
the  first  canal-boat — the  Seneca  Chief— left  Buffalo,  having  on  board 
Governor  Clinton ;  and  the  booming  of  cannon,  placed  at  intervals  of  a 


APPENDIX.  113 

few  miles  along  the  entire  line  of  the  canal  from  Buffalo  to  Albany,  and 
thence  along  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  to  Sandy  Hook,  announced  the 
successful  termination  of  the  enterprise.  In  New  York  City,  especially, 
this  event  was  celebrated  by  extraordinary  civic  and  military  ceremo- 
nies ;  and  the  citizens  gave  themselves  up  to  the  wildest  demonstrations 
of  joy.  Nor  was  this  joy  ill-timed  or  excessive.  "  For  a  single  State  to 
achieve  such  a  victory — not  only  over  the  doubts  and  fears  of  the  wary, 
but  over  the  obstacles  of  nature — causing  miles  of  massive  rocks  at  the 
mountain  ridge  to  yield  to  its  power — turning  the  tide  of  error  as  well 
as  that  of  the  Tonnewanda — piling  up  the  waters  of  the  mighty  Niagara, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  beautiful  Hudson — ^in  short,  causing  a  navigable 
river  to  flow  with  gentle  current  down  the  steepy  mount  of  Lockport — 
to  leap  the  river  of  Genesee — to  encircle  the  brow  of  Irondequoit  as 
with  the  laurel's  wreath — to  march  through  the  rich  fields  of  Palmyra 
and  of  Lyons — to  wend  its  way  through  the  quicksands  of  the  morass 
at  the  Cayuga — to  pass  unheeded  the  delicious  licks  at  Onondaga — to 
smile  through  Oneida's  verdant  landscape — to  hang  upon  the  arm  of  the 
ancient  Mohawk,  and  with  her,  after  gaily  stepping  down  the  cadence 
of  the  Little  Falls  and  the  Cohoes,  to  rush  to  the  embrace  of  the  spark- 
ling Hudson — and  all  in  the  space  of  eight  short  years,  was  a  work  of 
which  the  oldest  and  richest  nations  of  Christendom  might  well  be 
proud."  *  Mr.  Stone,  as  one  of  the  most  zealous  champions  of  the  canal, 
was  appointed  to  write  the  Naeeative  of  the  Celebration,  receiving 
a  silver  medal  and  box  from  the  Common  Council  of  New  York  City, 
together  with  the  thanks  of  that  body. 

In  connection  with  the  Erie  Canal,  and  its  influence  in  building  up 
the  interior  towns  of  our  State,  Mr.  Stone  was  wont  to  relate  the  fol- 
lowing anecdote :  In  1820,  be  visited  Syracuse  with  Joshua  Forman,  the 
founder  of  that  city,  and  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  zealous  friends  of 
the  Erie  Canal.  "I  lodged  for  the  night,"  says  Mr.  Stime,  *'  at  a  miser- 
able tavern,  thronged  by  a  company  of  salt-boilers  from  Salina,  forming 
a  group  of  about  as  rough-looking  specimens  of  humanity  as  I  had  ever 
seen.  Their  wild  visages,  beards  thick  and  long,  and  matted  hair,  even 
now  rise  up  in  dark,  distant,  and  picturesque  effect  before  me.  It  was 
in  October,  and  a  flurry  of  snow  during  the  night  had  rendered  the 
morning  aspect  of  the  country  more  dreary  than  the  evening  before. 
The  few  houses,  standing  upon  low  and  almost  marshy  ground,  and  sur- 
rounded by  trees  and  entangled  thickets,  presented  a  very  uninviting 
scene.  '  Mr.  Forman,'  said  I,  '  dx)  you  call  this  a  milage  f  It  would 
make  an  owl  weep  to  fly  over  it.'  '  Never  mind,'  said  he  in  reply, '  you 
will  live  to  see  it  a  city  yet ! ' "    Mr.  Stone  did,  indeed,  live  to  see  it  a 

*  Stone's  Narrative. 


114  APPENDIX. 

city,  when  he  wrote  the  above  in  1840,  with  mayor  and  aldermen,  and 
a  population  of  more  than  twelve  thousand. 

Syracuse,  however,  was  not  the  only  town  that  vindicated  the  fore- 
sight of  Clinton  and  Forman.  In  the  fall  of  1829,  Mr.  Stone  made  a 
tour  of  the  towns  and  villages  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  partly 
for  recreation,  but  more  especially  for  the  purpose  of  observing  for 
himself  the  great  impetus  given  to  internal  improvement  by  the  canal. 
Familiar,  however,  as  he  had  been  for  the  last  four  years  with  the  pro- 
gress which  had  been  making,  he  was  scarcely  prepared  for  the  signs  of 
growth  and  prosperity  which  met  him  on  every  side.  His  amazement 
is  pictured  in  a  few  extracts  here  given  from  the  diary  kept  by  him  on 
this  journey. 

"  Between  five  and  six  o'clock  we  entered  Utica,  which,  nine  years 
ago,  the  period  of  my  last  visit  to  it,  ranked  only  as  a  flourishing  village. 
It  had  now  grown  as  if  by  magic  to  the  dimensions  of  a  large  city ;  and 
it  was  with  utter  amazement  that  I  beheld  the  long  streets  and  rows 
and  blocks  of  large,  beautiful  country  seats,  stores  and  dwellings  through 
which  our  coach  conveyed  us  in  driving  to  the  lodgings  I  had  selected. 
I  had  heard  much  of  the  march  of  improvement  in  Utica,  since  the 
completion  of  the  Geand  Canal,  but  I  had  no  idea  of  the  reality.  Kip 
Van  Winkle  himself,  after  his  thirty  years'  nap  in  a  glen  of  the  Kats- 
bergs,  was  not  more  amazed  than  I  was  at  the  present  aspect  and  mag- 
nitude of  this  beautiful  place.  Bagg's  Hotel,  to  which  I  directed  my 
drive,  was  in  the  very  heart  of  the  village,  and  the  centre  of  business 
at  the  period  of  my  last  visit.  Now  it  wa3  quite  in  the  suburbs.  The 
houses  were  then  scattered,  but  now  they  are  closely  built,  lofty  and 
spacious,  and  the  length  of  some  of  the  streets,  like  New  York,  begin 
to  look  like  a  wilderness  of  bricks." 

"  Tuesday^  Sept.  ^'iid.  Arrived  at  Syracuse  at  half-past  ten  o'clock, 
and  had  the  unexpected  pleasure  of  being  greeted  by  my  old  and  highly 
valued  friend,  Setli  Hunt,  a  gentleman  of  extensive  travel  and  vast  gen- 
eral information.  I  looked  upon  the  village  as  I  stepped  on  shore  with 
still  more  astonishment  than  at  Utica.  Another  enchanted  city !  I  ex- 
claimed, as  I  glanced  upward  and  around  upon  splendid  hotels,  and 
rows  of  massive  buildings  in  all  directions — crowded,  too,  with  people, 
all  full  of  life  and  activity.  The  prediction  of  my  friend,  Joshua  For- 
man, when  I  was  here  nine  years  ago,  is  already  realized.  For  if  noble 
ranges  of  buildings,  two  or  three  large  and  tasteful  churches,  busy 
wharves  and  streets,  and  all  the  life  and  animation  of  a  large  commer- 
cial place,  will  constitute  a  city,  then,  most  assuredly,  Syracuse  may  be 
called  by  that  name.  And  as  the  county  buildings,  now  erecting  upon 
an  extensive  scale,  have  been  located  midway  between  Salina  and  Syra- 
cuse, the  two  towns  will  be  soon  united,  as  Greenwich  is  to  New  York. 


APPEN^DIX.  115 

"Within  twenty  years,  therefore,  Syracuse  will  equal  the  present  size  of 
Albany.  Salt  of  the  best  quality  can  here  be  produced,  at  the  cheapest 
rate,  for  the  whole  continent." 

Leaving  Syracuse,  Mr.  Stone  visited  successively  the  pleasant  vil- 
lages of  Marcellus,  Skaneateles,  Auburn  and  Lyons,  the  rapid  growth  of 
which  surprised  him  scarcely  less  than  had  Utica  and  Syracuse.  "  This 
village  too,"  continues  the  diary,  in  speaking  of  Lyons,  "was  a  wilder- 
ness at  the  period  of  my  last  visit ;  now  it  has  grown  into  considerable 
importance.  It  is  the  shire  town  of  Wayne  County,  and  in  addition  to 
a  number  of  shops  and  stores  and  the  county  buildings,  it  contains  many 
respectable  and  some  elegant  residences.  Among  the  latter  is  the  seat 
of  Myron  Holley,  Esq.,  formerly  one  of  the  leading  and  most  able  and 
efficient  of  our  canal  commissioners,  whose  names  will  be  perpetuated 
as  long  as  the  lakes  and  the  ocean  are  connected  by  the  golden  commer- 
cial chain  forged  under  the  direction  of  the  great  Clinton.  Mr.  Holley 
showed  me  through  his  grounds ;  and  I  was  much  surprised  to  find  one 
of  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  gardens  that  I  had  ever  seen.  It  con- 
tains some  six  or  eight  acres,  which  was  forest  at  the  time  of  my  visit 
in  1820.  Now  it  was  elegantly  laid  out  and  cultivated,  and  planted 
with  fruit-trees,  plants,  sLrubs,  and  vines,  in  rich  variety  and  profusion. 
The  size  to  which  cherry,  peach,  pear  and  plum  trees,  quince  bushes,  to 
say  nothing  of  the  beautiful  shade  trees  in  the  lawn,  had  attained  since 
this  land  was  appropriated  to  its  present  purpose  was  truly  wonderful. 
Cherry  and  apple  trees,  planted  eight  years  since,  now  measure  ten  and 
thirteen  inches  in  diameter,  and  every  vegetable  seems  to  flourish  in  this 
genial  soil  with  the  same  unequalled  vigor  and  thrift." 

Rochester,  however,  seems  to  have  completed  his  astonishment. 

"  Friday,  Oct.  2i.  And  this  is  Rochester !  The  far-famed  city  of 
the  west,  which  has  sprung  up  like  Jonah's  gourd !  Rochester,  with  its 
two  thousand  houses,  its  elegant  ranges  of  stores,  its  numerous  churches 
and  public  buildings,  its  boats  and  bridges,  its  huge  mills  of  stone,  like 
so  many  castles,  its  lagoons,  quays,  manufactories,  arcades,  museums, 
everything — all  standmg  where  stood  a  frowning  forest  in  1812.  Here 
I  am,  near  the  very  spot,  where,  in  a  thick  wood,  my  namesake,  Enos 
Stone,  in  the  autumn  of  1811,  had  a  remarkable  fight  with  an  old  she-bear, 
which,  in  anticipation  of  the  present  doctrines  of  Tammany  Hall,  was 
carrying  out  the  agrarian  principle  by  sharing  his  little  patch  of  corn." 

But  I  am  already  making  this  letter  too  long.  On  his  return  to  New 
York,  Mr.  Stone  gave  his  readers  the  results  of  this  tour  in  a  series  of 
articles — the  publication  of  which  confirmed  more  strongly  than  ever  in 
the  public  mind,  the  forecast  and  wisdom  of  the  originators  and  execu- 
tors of  the  Geand  Eeie  Canal.  Most  cordially  yours, 

William  L.  Stone. 


116  APPENDIX. 

P.  S.  I  append  a  statistical  statement  of  the  Erie  Canal,  brought  up 
to  the  beginning  of  the  present  year,  the  materials  for  which  were 

kindly  furnished  me  by  my  friend,  the  Hon.  Nathaniel  S.  Benton,  for 
many  years  our  able  Canal  Auditor : 

Length,  Albany  to  Buffalo 363  miles. 

Width,  at  surface 70  feet. 

"        bottom , 42    " 

Depth 7" 

Width  of  tow-path 14    " 

Burden  of  boats 80  tons. 

Length  of  locks 90  feet. 

Width         " , 15    " 

Number     " 84 

Amount  of  tolls  in  1823 $199,655  08 

"            «         1866 $3,966,522  52 

Amount  of  tons  going  to  tide-water  from  the  Western 

States  in  1836 , 54,219 

Amount  of  tons  going  to  tide-water  from  the  Western 

States  in  1866 2,235,716 

Total  amount  of  tons  going  to  tide- water  from  the  West- 
ern States,  from  1836  to  1866,  inclusive 40,485,738 

Total  amount  of  tolls  from  1823  to  1866,  inclusive $90,153,279  19 

Amount  of  tons  going  to  tide-water  from  New  York 

State  in  1836 364,906 

Amount  of  tons  going  to  tide- water  from  New  York 

State  in  1866 287,948 

Total  amount  of  tons  going  to  tide- water  from  New 

York  State,  from  1836  to  1866,  inclusive 12,276,229 

Amount  of  tons  going  from  tide-water  in  1836 133,796 

"                 ''                 "                1866 626,974 

Total  amount  of  tons  going  from  tide-water  from  1836 

to  1866,  inclusive 10,334,311 

Estimated  value  of  all  property  transported  on  Erie  Canal 

in  1837 $47,720,879 

Estimated  value  of  all  property  transported  on  Erie  Canal 

in  1865 $186,114,718 

Total  estimated  value  of  all  property  transported  on  Erie 

Canal,  from  1837  to  1865,  inclusive $3,439,407,522 

Amount  of  tons  going  to  New  York  by  canal-boats,  on 

different  canals  in  the  State,  without  breaking  bulk, 

for  1857 381,390 


APPEOT)IX.  117 

Amount  of  tons  going  to  New  York  by  canal-boats,  on 
different  canals  in  the  State,  without  breaking  bulk, 
for  1866 1,633,172 

Total  amount  of  tons  going  to  New  York  by  canal-boats, 
on  different  canals  in  the  State,  without  breaking 
bulk,  from  1857  to  1866,  inclusive 11,775,396 

Amount  of  tons  arriving  at  tide-water,  the  product  of 

New  York  State,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  for  1886 364,901 

Amount  of  tons  arriving  at  tide-water,  the  product  of 

New  York  State,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  for  1865 173,538 

Total  amount  of  tons  arriving  at  tide- water,  the  product 
of  New  York  State,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  from  1836 
to  1865,  inclusive 11,792,314 

The  original  cost  of  the  Erie  Canal  was $7,143,789  86 

Cost  of  enlargement $33,080,613  80 

Total $40,224,403  66 

Wm.  L.  S. 


SPEECH  OF   HON.  J.  B.  YAENUM   ON  THE  GOVERNMENT 
OF  THE  CITY. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Yarnum,  Jr.,  desired  to  refer  the  committee  to  a  report  of 
the  Committee  on  Cities  and  Villages  of  the  Assembly  on  the  subject  Of 
the  present  city  charter,  which  report  would  be  found  in  the  Assembly 
Documents  for  1857.  It  states,  in  a  very  concise  form,  what  portions 
of  said  charter  were  derived  from  former  charters,  and  the  reasons  for 
those  sections  which  were  new.  A  perusal  of  it  would,  he  believed, 
materially  aid  the  committee  in  deciding  what  the  defects  were  in  that 
instrument,  and  what  recommendations  to  make.  The  year  1857  was 
one  during  which  a  great  excitement  prevailed  in  New  York  city  on 
the  subject  of  reform  in  the  city  government  and  police,  an  excitement 
which  gradually  extended  to  most  of  the  other  cities  in  the  State,  so 
that  the  Committee  on  Cities  were  overwhelmed.  It  was  in  that  year 
that  the  Metropolitan  Police  bill,  the  City  Charter,  and  the  Supervisors' 
bill  were  passed.  That  committee  had  not  the  advantage  of  sessions  in 
the  city  of  New  York ;  but  large  numbers  of  persons  appeared  before 
them  with  drafts  of  charters,  and  suggestions  which  embodied  much  reli- 
able information  ;  but  comparatively  little  of  this  material  was  in  a  very 
available,  systematic  form,  and  the  committee  found  themselves  unable 
to  agree  upon  any  one  of  the  plans  proposed.  They  therefore  decided 
to  make  a  charter  which  should  combine,  as  far  as  possible,  whatever 


118  APPEIS^DIX. 

was  good  in  former  charters  and  in  the  suggestions  laid  before  them. 
The  result  of  a  compromise  of  opinions  among  themselves  was  the 
present  charter,  which  was  amended  in  the  Senate  by  the  insertion  of 
Aldermanic  Districts,  and  which  was  at  the  time  generally  received  as 
a  great  improvement  upon  its  predecessors,  although  time  has  shown  it 
to  be  by  no  means  free  from  the  defects  incident  to  everything  human. 
Still,  he  believed  very  slight  amendments  were  all  that  were  required. 
Others  have  commented  upon  the  absence  of  any  proper  system  for 
examining  accounts.  He  would  advert  to  one  or  two  other  points. 
And  first  as  to  the  Legislative  Department.  It  would  be  found  that  a 
large  proportion  of  the  plans  which  were  being  presented  in  the  news- 
papers, and  some  of  which  he  presumed  were  laid  before  the  committee, 
had  heretofore  been  tried  in  one  form  or  another.  He  had  recently 
seen  an  earnest  recommendation  that  the  Board  of  Councilmen  should 
be  composed  of  a  large  number  representing  small  districts,  the  writer 
apparently  not  knowing  that  we  once  had  a  hoard  of  sixty  councilmen^ 
established  by  a  law  passed  in  1853  {Laws  of  1853,  p.  410).  Prior  to 
that  time  the  two  Boards^  or  the  Aldermen  and  Assistant  Aldermen^ 
were  each  composed  of  the  same  numbers,  chosen  by  the  same  constit- 
uencies, with  only  the  difference  that  the  Aldermen  were  chosen  for 
two  years,  so  that  one  formed  scarcely  any  check  upon  the  other.  A 
number  of  most  respectable  and  public-spirited  citizens  proposed  and 
carried  through  the  Board  of  Sixty.  The  idea  was,  that  in  small  dis- 
tricts electors  would  be  more  likely  to  know  the  man  who  was  pre- 
sented for  their  suffrages,  and  that  political  parties  would  have  to  be 
more  particular  in  presenting  men  who  were  favorably  known.  How- 
ever plausible  this  theory  might  be  in  a  country  district,  it  proved  to 
be  entirely  fallacious  in  a  city,  where  four-fifths  of  the  voters  never  can 
be  induced  to  look  at  such  a  ticket  until  they  go  to  vote  on  election  day, 
and  where,  owing  to  the  constant  changes  of  residences,  there  is 
scarcely  any  such  thing  known  as  neighborly  association.  Its  opera- 
tion was  precisely  the  reverse  of  what  was  anticipated.  Men  who 
could  not  have  had  influence  or  character  enough  to  obtain  a  nomina- 
tion in  a  whole  ward,  managed  to  pull  the  party  wires  so  as  to  secure 
it  in  a  small  section,  and  the  consequence  was,  we  had,  with  here  and 
there  an  exception,  a  class  of  men  inferior  to  those  who  had  previously 
been  chosen — small  fry,  hoping  to  swim  in  deeper  waters — men  who 
expected  to  live  by  politics.  It  operated  precisely  as  the  single  district 
system  is  said  to  have  operated,  in  sending  to  the  Legislature  men  in- 
ferior to  those  who  had  been  elected  under  the  general  ticket  system. 
The  people  became  thoroughly  sick  of  the  board,  and  there  was  no 
hesitation  about  abohshing  it ;  but  what  should  be  substituted  was  not 
go  clear.     Arguing  from  the  experience  in  regard  to  Assemblymen  be- 


APPENDIX.  119 

fore  referred  to,  a  board  elected  by  general  ticket  was  strongly  urged; 
but  that  was  objected  to  because  the  board  thus  constituted  would 
always  be  composed  entirely  of  one  political  party.  The  committee 
adopted  tlie  'present  plan  as  a  compromise— four  general  tickets^  one  in 
each  Senatorial  District,  They  also  introduced  the  system  of  classify- 
ing the  terms  of  Aldermen^  so  that  those  from  the  district  having  odd 
numbers  go  out  one  year,  and  those  from  the  even  numbers  the  next. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  any  improvement  can  be  made  upon  this  system, 
unless,  perhaps,  by  increasing  the  number  of  Councilmen  on  each  gen- 
eral ticket.  He  did  not  believe  that  any  legislation  would  secure  the 
choice  of  better  men.  The  object  of  a  second  board  is  to  furnish  some 
check  upon  hasty  legislation,  and  to  that  end  it  is  desirable  that  it 
should  be  chosen  by  a  different  constituency  or  in  a  different  way. 
Secondly^  as  to  the  Board  of  Supervisors.  That  board  had  formerly  con- 
sisted of  the  Aldermen,  Mayor,  and  Recorder,  and  he,  the  speaker,  had 
never  been  entirely  satisfied  that  there  was  a  necessity  for  substituting 
the  present  board  for  the  purpose  of  settling  accounts,  although  at  the 
time  he  concurred  in  it,  deferring  to  the  judgment  and  larger  experience 
of  others.  The  idea  originated  in  the  manner  in  which  our  Alms  House 
department  was  formerly  managed  hy  ten  governors — half  of  them 
elected,  and  half  appointed  from  those  having  the  next  highest  number. 
of  votes.  TTie  first  ten  governors  were  named  in  the  Mil  (^Laws  of  1849, 
p.  367),*  and  being  mostly  men  of  well-known  philanthropy,  character, 
and  means,  so  long  as  they  remained  it  worked  very  well,  and  it  was 
hoped  to  continue  a  class  of  men  who  would  be  actuated  by  the  same 
motives  which  control  the  managers  of  the  House  of  Refuge  and  other 
charitable  institutions.  But  by  degrees,  as  one  term  after  another  ex- 
pired and  others  were  elected  by  the  people,  many  men  were  introduced 
who  only  cared  to  use  it  as  a  stepping-stone  for  some  other  position, 
and  made  it  more  a  means  of  frolic  than  of  doing  good,  the  tempta- 
tion to  enter  this  board  being  greater,  because  a  nomination  was  an 
election ;  and  so  it  happened,  in  course  of  time,  that  this  system  was 
wiped  out,  and  a  doard  of  four,  to  he  appointed  hy  the  Comptroller,  estab- 
lished {Laws  of  1860,  p.  1026),  which  he  believed  had  thus  far  been  in 
good  hands.  He  wished  to  make  no  reflection  upon  the  members  of  the 
Board  of  Supervisors ;  but  he  thought  the  committee  might  understand 
how  the  mode  of  their  election  must  inevitably  result,  eventually,  in 
the  same  way  as  had  the  experiment  with  the  ten  governors. 

Thirdly,  in  reference  to  the  executive  power: 

That  was  formerly  vested  mainly  in  the  Mayor.     But  the  same 
mania  for  decentralization,  which  pervaded  the  State  and  led  to  the 

*  This  was  the  first  interference  (so-called)  at  Albany. 


120  APPENDIX. 

Constitution  of  1846,  entered  into  the  plans  of  all  who  were  reforming 
city  charters,  and  they  went  from  one  extreme  to  another. 

In  the  State,  it  resulted  in  depriving  the  Governor  of  any  voice  in 
naming  his  cabinet,  so  that  the  Comptroller,  Secretary  of  State,  Treas- 
urer, and  Attorney-General  were  to  be  elected.  Even  the  State  Prison 
Inspectors  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  people.  "With  as  much  propriety 
might  you  choose  in  that  way  the  directors  of  Lunatic  and  Idiot  Asy- 
lums. So  it  was  in  the  city.  The  Mayor  had  the  policemen^  as  well  as 
other  offices,  in  his  gift,  which  was  supposed  to  give  him  too  large 
an  army  ly  which  to  secure  his  re-election,  especially  as  the  police  were 
appointed  for  short  terms,  instead  of  as  now  during  good  behavior. 
And  so,  in  1849,  we  passed  a  law  providing  for  the  election  of  six  heads 
of  departments  'by  the  people,  and  as  the  city  election  then  took  place 
at  the  same  time  with  that  of  the  State,  it  happened  that  we  sometimes 
had  fourteen  ballot  boxes  at  one  election,  and  people  were  bewildered 
by  the  multitude  of  tickets.  So  we  had  six  heads  of  departments,  sail- 
ing on  together,  each  responsible  to  no  one  but  the  people,  which  was 
really  no  responsibility  at  all,  and  when  the  subject  came  to  be  consid- 
ered in  1857,  there  were  few  who  could  say  a  word  on  behalf  of  this 
system.  Mr.  Varnum  had  voted  for  it  in  1849,  and  was  in  1857  so  well 
convinced  of  his  error,  that  he  was  ready,  as  one  of  the  committee,  to 
vest  the  whole  appointing  power  in  the  Mayor;  but  the  majority  were 
impressed  with  the  argument  that  the  Comptroller,  who  had  charge  of 
the  finance?,  and  the  Corporation  Counsel,  who  was  the  adviser  of  the 
city,  should  be  made  independent  of  the  Mayor  and  Councils,  so  that 
they  might  not  be  influenced  in  their  actions  by  a  desire  to  retain  their 
places.  Reference  was  made  to  the  changes  made  by  General  Jackson 
in  the  oflBces  of  Attorney-General  and  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in 
order  to  secure  the  removal  of  the  deposits.  But  these  arguments  were, 
after  all,  more  plausible  than  real,  at  least  so  far  as  the  Comptroller 
was  concerned,  who  must  keep  his  accounts  and  make  payment  accord- 
ing to  law,  and,  if  the  Mayor  does  not  appoint  this  officer  himself,  let  it 
be  by  the  two  boards,  as  United  States  Senator  is  chosen  by  the  Legis- 
lature, and  so  with  Corporation  Counsel.  It  is  quite  enough  to  ash  the 
people  to  elect  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Gouncilmen,  which  is  more  than 
they  can  well  manage  ;  but  which  there  was,  he  supposed,  no  other  way 
of  doing  except  by  the  people,  or  rather  by  the  party  conventions.  "We 
might,  however,  hope  occasionally,  by  a  spasmodic  effort,  to  revolution- 
ize the  city,  and  elect  a  respectable  man  for  Mayor.  We  have  had 
many  such.  And  we  ought  to  impose  on  him  the  same  kind  of  respon- 
sibility which  is  imposed  on  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Give 
him  the  appointment  of  aU  his  assistants,  with  or  without  the  approval 
of  the  Aldermen — he  rather  thought  without  it — certainly,  without 


APPENDIX.  121 

"  their  advice."  Give  him  these  appointments,  and  then  yon  can  blame 
him  if  anythlDg  goes  wrong.  Better  have  one  bad  man,  whom  we  can 
call  to  account  for  his  stewardship,  than  have  to  deal  with  half  a  dozen, 
each  of  which  will  shift  the  burdens  on  to  the  others.  The  idea  that 
the  Mayor  would  use  this  patronage  to  keep  himself  in  office  is  not 
sustained  by  past  experience  in  regard  to  executive  stations.  Neither 
President  nor  old-time  Governors  have  found  that  patronage  helped 
them  much ;  for  every  man  they  appoint,  hundreds  are  disappointed. 
Besides,  the  Mayor  no  longer  controU  the  police^  which  are  now,  xiery 
properly,  appointed  ty  Commissioners,  in  the  choice  of  whom  the  men 
had  no  agency.  The  charter  of  1857  did  not  give  the  power  of  removal, 
except  hy  consent  of  the  Aldermen,  and  for  cause.  This  was  a  great  mis- 
take. A  man  might  be  utterly  inefficient  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Mayor ;  but  he  could  not  assign  that  as  a  cause,  without  going  into 
particulars  which  would,  perhaps,  not  impress  another  as  sustaining 
the  charge.  It  often  occurs  in  private  business,  that  you  may  wish  to 
get  rid  of  clerks  and  employes,  with  whose  work  you  are  not  exactly 
satisfied,  yet  you  would  hesitate  about  making  charges  against  them. 
And  so  it  is  here.  The  Mayor,  being  responsible,  should  be  the  sole 
judge,  as  the  President  is,  and  should  be  required  to  give  no  reasons  to 
Aldermen  or  any  body  else.  If  he  appoints  bad  men  or  removes  good 
ones,  let  the  people  remove  him  ;  but  don't  ask  the  people  to  watch 
Comptroller  and  Counsel  as  well.  The  charter  of  1857  did  authorize 
the  Mayor  to  suspend;  but,  dy  an  amendment  which  was  slily  introduced 
at  a  subsequent  session,  this  power  had  been  rendered  doubtful,  and  this 
brought  the  speaker  to  say,  lastly,  that  some  action  should  be  tahen 
toward  securing  a  constitutional  check  upon  this  constant  tinkering  of 
charters.  He  could  think  of  no  other  way,  except  by  a  provision  that 
no  amendment  of  city  or  village  charters  should  take  effect  as  laws, 
until  they  have  been  submitted  to  and  approved  by  electors  of  the  city 
or  village.  Such  alterations  would  not  be  so  readily  asked  for,  or,  if 
asked,  would  not  be  as  readily  passed,  if  they  were  in  each  case  to  go 
through  the  ordeal  of  submission  to  the  people.  As  it  is  now,  we  often 
hardly  know  what  is  proposed  before  we  hear  that  it  is  passed.  If  it 
were  to  be  submitted  to  the  people,  it  would  at  least  have  to  be  pub- 
lished, and  the  motives  of  the  authors,  whether  good  or  bad,  explained. 
At  least  the  assent  of  two  successive  legislatures  should  be  required. 

Since  the  above  remarks  were  made,  my  experience  as  an  Alderman 
has  satisfied  me  that  the  only  real  relief  must  come  from  a  Constitu- 
tional amendment,  so  as  to  confine  voters  at  municipal  elections  in 
cities  to  the  holders  of  real  estate,  or  to  those  who  can  read  and  speak 
the  English  language.  There  is  now  one  member  of  the  Board  of  Coun- 
cilmen  who  cannot  read,  and  cannot  even  write  his  name.    The  real 


122  APPENDIX. 

estate  qualification  is  the  best ;  but  I  suppose  it  is  useless  to  expect 
either.  The  only  other  remedy  is  to  have  the  corporation  authorities 
appointed  at  Albany.  The  commissions  appointed  at  Albany  have 
worked  pretty  well  thus  far ;  but,  by  degrees  they  will  be  corrupted,  I 
fear,  by  the  same  influences.  There  must  be  some  central  power  to 
keep  them  all  in  check.  At  the  last  Legislature  a  Board  of  Control 
was  proposed  ;  but  it  left  the  Supervisors  and  Common  Council  in  fall 
operation,  because  the  former  could  not  be  abolished  under  the  Consti- 
tution, it  was  thought. 

J.  B.  v.,  Je. 


DANGERS  FROM  MISRULE. 


The  Discourse  favors  the  general  belief  of  our 
citizens,  that  the  city  has  a  larger  population  than 
ever  before,  and  that  the  census  of  1865  was  wrong, 
or  recorded  the  results  of  temporary  depression.  It 
is  hard  to  resist  the  impression  that  the  city  is  over- 
flowing with  people,  alike  with  visitors  and  residents, 
and  every  tenement  is  occupied,  and  there  is  a  call 
for  thousands  more  of  houses.  It  is  but  just,  how- 
ever, to  present  the  other  view  of  the  subject,  which 
is  effectually  given  in  this  article  from  the  New  York 
Timss : 

A    LESSON"    FROM     STATISTICS. 

Our  readers  will  bear  witness  that  we  have  never  refrained  from 
predicting  unpleasant  things  in  regard  to  the  consequences  of  our  mu- 
nicipal disorders  and  bad  government  on  the  prosperity  of  our  city. 

We  have  said  again  and  again — we  fear  to  the  weariness  of  our 
readers — that  our  citizens  would  not  bear  forever  this  atrocious  mis- 
government,  these  incessant  jobs,  this  heavy  taxation,  the  horrible 
condition  of  our  streets,  and  the  discomforts  of  the  city.  It  was  plain 
to  any  one  who  looked  below  the  surface,  that  all  these  shameless  jobs 
of  the  Common  Council  were  not  mere  amusements  of  these  represent- 
atives, which  injured  nothing  except  our  moral  sense,  but  that  they 
included  definite  sums  taken  out  of  the  pockets  of  every  rent-payer  or 
consumer  in  the  city.  For  every  dollar  squandered  by  Aldermen  and 
Oouncilmen,  each  mechanic  and  day  laborer,  every  manufacturer  and 
merchnnt,  every  man  and  woman,  and  child  must  pay — either  in  rents 
or  in  increased  prices  depending  on  rents.  The  consequences  of  this 
jobbery  have  been  that  the  expenses  of  living  have  arisen  in  this  city 
more  than  in  any  other  large  city  of  the  Union,  as  is  best  shown  by  the 


124  APPENDIX.       - 

rate  of  rents ;  for  provisions  and  imported  products  are  undoubtedly 
aflforded  to  the  wholesale  dealers  cheaper  here  than  in  Philadelphia  or 
Boston,  for  instance. 

The  increased  cost  of  the  consumers  is  in  the  necessary  expenses  of 
the  retailers,  and  these  expenses  come  in  great  part  from  the  taxation. 
Moreover,  the  gradual  influence  of  the  annoyances  of  New  York,  our 
execrable  streets,  the  filth  and  odors  prevailing,  the  sanitary  evils 
dreaded,  the  bad  accommodations  on  the  railroads,  and  the  other  des- 
agremens^  was  inevitably  to  force  the  middle  classes  from  the  city. 
The  very  rich  could  somewhat  guard  themselves  against  these  evils  and 
annoyances,  especially  by  removing  to  the  country  in  the  summer  sea- 
son ;  the  very  poor  and  the  laborers  must  remain  near  the  market  of 
labor ;  but  persons  with  incomes  from  $1,000  to  $5,000  per  annum  soon 
found  it  very  injurious  to  their  families,  and  too  expensive  to  remain 
in  the  city,  and  these,  by  the  thousands,  scattered  themselves  in  all  the 
region  around  New  York — in  New  Jersey,  in  Westchester  County,  on 
Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  Sound. 
Here,  though  they  must  add  to  their  rents  the  expenses  of  a  daily 
journey  of  twenty  or  forty  miles,  and  though  provisions  are  more  ex- 
pensive in  the  suburbs  than  in  the  city,  the  saving  from  taxation  and 
increased  rent,  and  the  sanitary  advantages  to  their  families,  kept  them 
constant  residents,  and  added  to  their  numbers. 

Following  them,  have  emigrated  numbers  of  manufacturers  who 
really  belong  to  New  York,  but  who  find  it  cheaper  to  carry  on  their 
factories  away  from  city  taxation,  so  that  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  and 
the  railroads  of  New  Jersey  find  themselves  more  and  more  lined  with 
huge  factories,  surrounded  with  laborers'  shanties  or  cottages.  The 
result  is  what  we  have  uniformly  predicted — that  New  York  is  decreas- 
ing in  population,  while  the  suburbs  are  increasing,  and  that  marvellous 
growth  in  population,  which  was  so  long  our  pride,  seems  temporarily 
checked.  Thus,  in  1855,  the  population  of  New  York  was  629,810,  and 
in  1860,  814,254,  or  an  increase  of  more  than  five  and  a  half  per  cent, 
per  annum.  In  1865-66,  the  population  is  only  T26,386,  being  a  de- 
crease of  some  87,000  since  1860,  instead  of  the  old  increase  of  some 
twenty-nine  per  cent.  Brooklyn,  in  place  of  its  supposed  500,000,  has 
only  296,378.  But  the  whole  Metropolitan  Police  District,  containing 
the  counties  of  New  York,  Kings,  Westchester,  and  Richmond,  and  six 
towns  in  Queens  County,  embrace  a  population  of  1,224,879,  of  which 
Westchester  has  101,197;  Kings,  311,090;  Richmond,  28,209;  and  the 
six  towns  in  Queens,  57,997.  Some  of  the  suburban  villages  have  become 
considerable  citie.s  thus:  Morrisania  has  11,691  inhabitants;  Yonkers, 
12,756;  Flushing,  10,813;  Hempstead,  11,764;  Newtown,  13,891 ;  Oys- 
ter Bay,  9,714 ;  Cortland,  9,393,  and  so  on  with  others. 


APPEISDIX.  125 

The  foreign  horn  in  New  York  number  nearly  half  (313,201),  and 
with  their  children  must  constitute  some  two- thirds  of  our  population. 
In  Brooklyn  they  amount  to  107,851,  or  a  less  proportion.  In  West- 
chester they  are  only  about  one-quarter  (26,394) ;  in  Richmond  about 
one-third  (9,142).  In  the  matter  of  sexes,  New  York  has  some  38,000 
more  women  than  men,  and  Brooklyn  some  13,000. 

The  poorer  wards  of  this  city  contain  enormous  numbers;  thus,  the 
Seventeenth  has  79,563  ;  the  Eleventh,  58,953  ;  the  Twentieth,  61,884; 
the  Eighteenth,  47,613  ;  the  Twenty-second,  47,361,  while  the  wealthy 
Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  have  respectively  only  23,382  and  25,572 
inhabitants. 

If  this  exodus  be  not  checked  by  an  honest  and  faithful  management 
of  the  city  affairs,  New  York  will  be  delivered  up  to  the  very  rich  and 
very  poor,  and  its  prosperity  receive  a  fatal  blow. 


AUTHOE'S     NOTE. 


I  would  acknowledge  the  great  kindness  of  these  gentlemen  in  as- 
sisting me  to  obtain  the  facts  for  this  discourse.  I  might  name  many 
others  who  have  shown  good  will  and  given  information : 

George  H.  Moore,  Jackson   S.  Schultz, 

Andrew  Warner,  J.  B.  Vaenijm, 

George  Bancroft,  Gulian  0.  Verplanok, 

Elisha  Harris,  "William  L.  Stone, 

Charles  P.  Kirzland,  Edward  Bill, 

J.  S.  HoMANS,  Horatio  Allen, 

D.  B.  Eaton,  B.  F.  Varnijm,  Jr., 

Brown  Brothers,  Maj.  Gen.  Barlow, 

D.  T.  Valentine,  Henry  B.  Dawson. 

I  have  consulted  freely  the  well-known  works  of  Dunlap  and  Ham- 
mond on  the  Political  History  of  New  York,  Dr.  O'Callaghan's  New 
Netherlands,  and  have  found  some  valuable  information  in  Miss  Booth's 
History  of  the  City.  The  publications  of  the  New  Yorfc  Historical 
Society  have  been  of  constant  service,  and  especially  Benjamin  F. 
Butler's  Discourse  on  the  Constitutional  History  of  New  York.  The 
histories  of  Bancroft,  Brodhead,  Hildreth,  Motley,  and  Palfrey  have 
been  relied  upon  for  important  statements.  I  must  say,  also,  in  sincer- 
ity, that  no  man  can  study  any  important  American  subject,  without 
■finding  constant  help  from  Appleton's  New  American  Cyclopaedia  and 
Annual  CyclopsBdia.  These  manuals  are  full  of  our  national  and  local 
history,  and  their  biographical  sketches  are  ample  and  reliable,  and 
many  of  them  give  materials  nowhere  else  to  be  found  in  print. 

This  appendix,  of  course,  does  not  aim  to  give  a  complete  body  of 
statistics  of  the  city  ;  but  only  to  put  in  permanent  form  the  chief  facts 
that  were  furnished  me  up  to  the  date  of  the  Discourse,  and  so  to  con- 
tribute something  towards  a  sketch  of  the  present  state  of  affairs.  The 
outline  of  the  speech  of  Hon.  J.  B.  Yarnum  is  inserted  mainly  on  ac- 


authoe's  note.  127 

count  of  its  valuable  facts,  and  is  a  fitting  contribution  from  one  of  the 
worthiest  members  of  our  Historical  Society. 

I  am  well  aware  tbat  the  whole  subject  is  too  great  for  a  single 
discourse,  and  that  a  man  not  a  native  of  the  city  labors  under  some 
peculiar  difficulties  in  undertaking  such  a  task  as  this ;  yet  both  natives 
and  new  comers  must  both  acknowledge  that  the  city  is  constantly 
showing  new  growths  and  aspects  to  them.  I  am  content  to  appear  as 
a  learner  more  than  a  master  ;  and  I  trust  that  friends  and  fellow  citizens 
will  deal  gently  with  the  defects  of  this  little  offering  of  public  spirit. 

S.  0. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below, 
or  on  the  date  to  which  renewed.  Renewals  only: 

Tel.  No.  642-3405 
Renewals  may  be  made  4  days  prior  to  date  due. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 

ifcnu   APR  e/uaANQ 


MAY    5  19719  7 


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JUN  Q  S 1972 

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(P2001sl0)476— A-32  Umvetsuy  of  California 


iv'f^O^^PS 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  UBRARY 


